According to human rights activists, citizens widely believed the government conducted frequent electronic surveillance of a range of citizens, including political opponents, journalists, human rights groups, and suspected terrorists. The Government of Algeria in 1988 instituted a multi-party system in response to public unrest, but the surprising first round success of the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) in the December 1991 legislative elections led the Algerian army to intervene and postpone the second round of elections to prevent what the secular elite feared would be an extremist-led government from assuming power. A court sentenced him to five years in prison, plus a DZD 100,000 ($850) fine. Elections for the lower chamber of parliament were held in May 2017 and did not result in significant changes in the composition of the government. Generally speaking, the civil Algeria covers an area of 2,381,741 square kilometres (919,595 sq mi), making it the world's tenth largest nation by area, and the largest nation in Africa. With a population of 44 million, Algeria is the ninth-most populous country in Africa, and the 32nd-most populous country in the world. Unlicensed NGOs remained active, but rarely received government assistance, and citizens at times hesitated to associate with these organizations. Child Abuse: Child abuse was illegal but was a serious problem. The law prohibits workers under age 19 from working at night. The laws extensive requirements and uneven enforcement served as major impediments to the development of civil society. )from consumed natural gas: 93.414 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. Office of the U.S. Algeria's primary political party, the National Liberation Front (FLN), was established in 1954 as part of the struggle for independence and has since largely dominated politics, though it is falling out of favor with the youth. Most detainees had prompt access to a lawyer of their choice as accorded by law, and the government provided legal counsel to indigent detainees. The government occasionally offered to mediate disputes. Restrictions on freedom of assembly and association as well as restrictions on political party activities inhibited the activity of opposition groups. )methane emissions: 49.94 megatons (2020 est. Last Updated: March 27, 2018 You are about to leave travel.state.gov for an external website that is not maintained by the U.S. Department of State. In addition, some religious elements advocated restrictions on womens behavior, including freedom of movement. The law affirms the religiously based practice of allowing a man to marry as many as four wives. The government allowed undeclared workers to gain credit for social security and retirement benefits for time spent in the informal economy if they repay any taxes owed after registering. A CNDH representative said the organization viewed the most serious human rights concerns as limits on socioeconomic rights, as well as limits on free speech. The Ministry of Interior reported in March to a Senate session that approximately 500 illegal migrants try to enter the country daily along the countrys southern borders. Civilian authorities generally maintained effective control over the security forces. The law provides for criminal penalties of two to 10 years in prison for official corruption, but the government did not fully implement the law. Ouled-Djellal arrondissement from Aumale department merged with Barika arrondissement of Stif department to become Barika The constitution provides for the right of peaceful assembly, but the government continued to curtail this right. The UN LOCODE page for Algeria lists locations in the country, some of them with their latitudes and longitudes, some with their ISO 3166-2 codes for their subdivisions. The government said that a drop in aid from international donors led to worsening conditions for Sahrawi refugees, and that it had increased its own contributions as a result. The governments National AIDS Committee met twice during the year. ), general assessment: Algeria has a steadily developing telecom infrastructure with growth encouraged by supportive regulatory measures and by government policies aimed at delivering serviceable internet connections across the country; mobile broadband is largely based on 3G and LTE, and the data rates are also low in global terms; LTE is available in all provinces, investment is required from the mobile network operators (MNOs) to improve the quality of service; the state has previously been hesitant to commit to 5G, instead encouraging the MNOs to undertake upgrades to LTE infrastructure before investing in commercial 5G services; in March 2022, the state is in the process of freeing up the requisite spectrum to enable the MNOs to launch 5G services sometime this year; fixed internet speeds remain slow (2022)domestic: a limited network of fixed-lines with a teledensity of slightly less than 11 telephones per 100 persons has been offset by the rapid increase in mobile-cellular subscribership; mobile-cellular teledensity was approximately 104 telephones per 100 persons in 2020 (2020)international: country code - 213;ALPAL-2 is a submarine telecommunications cable system in the Mediterranean Sea linking Algeria and the Spanish Balearic island of Majorca;ORVAL is a submarine cable to Spain; landing points for the TE North/TGN-Eurasia/SEACOM/SeaMeWe-4 fiber-optic submarine cable system that provides links to Europe, the Middle East, and Asia; MED cable connecting Algeria with France;microwave radio relay to Italy, France, Spain, Morocco, and Tunisia;Algeria part of the 4,500 Km terrestrial Trans Sahara Backbone network which connects to other fiber networks in the region; Alcomstat-1 satellite offering telemedicine network (2020)note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced a downturn, particularly in mobile device production; progress toward 5G implementation has resumed, as well as upgrades to infrastructure; consumer spending on telecom services has increased due to the surge in demand for capacity and bandwidth; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home is still evident, and the spike in this area has seen growth opportunities for development of new tools and increased services, state-run Radio-Television Algerienne operates the broadcast media and carries programming in Arabic, Berber dialects, and French; use of satellite dishes is widespread, providing easy access to European and Arab satellite stations; state-run radio operates several national networks and roughly 40 regional radio stations, total: 27,626,157 (2020 est. Sub-Saharan African migrants came to Algeria after its civil war to work in agriculture and mining. The law provides for collective bargaining by all unions, and the government permitted the exercise of this right for authorized unions. The resulting division was as shown below. The decision was in response to previous leaks of exam materials, which were posted on social media. A coalition of Islamic and secular opposition parties boycotted the election, describing it as a masquerade and asserting that President Bouteflika was unfit to run due to his health. Notably, terrorists killed seven soldiers in an ambush on July 30 in Skikda. The law also bans political party ties to nonpolitical associations and regulates party financing and reporting requirements. )exports: 42,667,386,000 cubic meters (2019 est. The departments were divided into arrondissements, as shown below. Detainees Ability to Challenge Lawfulness of Detention before a Court: The Code of Criminal Procedure grants the right to appeal a courts order of pretrial detention. They also report that owners of public gathering spaces have been told not to rent their locations to certain NGOs. Section II. [9] Encyclopdia Britannica World Atlas, 1957 edition. Algeria has struggled to develop non-hydrocarbon industries because of heavy regulation and an emphasis on state-driven growth. The constitution provides citizens the ability to choose their government in free and fair periodic elections held by secret ballot and based on universal and equal suffrage. During the year, the CNDH organized seminars and workshops on topics such as penitentiary reform and trafficking in persons. Opposition parties also disseminated information via the internet and published communiques but stated they did not have access to the national television and radio. Other Algerians headed to Europe seeking asylum, although France imposed restrictions. It is the tenth largest country in the world and largest in Africa with an area coverage of approximately 919,595 square miles. ), total subscriptions: 45,555,673 (2020 est. )imports: 85,000 metric tons (2020 est. Many civil society organizations, government opponents, and political parties had access to independent print and broadcast media and used them to express their views. Authorities also use summonses to notify and require the accused and the victim to attend a court proceeding or hearing. Although the government did not renew the accreditation of LADDH, the organization had members countrywide, received independent funding, and was one of the most active independent human rights groups. ), women married by age 15: 0%women married by age 18: 3.8% (2019 est. The confederation also included migrants working in the country. The government did not permit young men eligible for the draft who had not completed their military service to leave the country without special authorization. Importers of books covering the national movement and the Algerian Revolution must submit the entire text of the books for review, including a secondary review by the Ministry of the Moudjahidine (veterans of the Revolution). There were isolated reports that children were subjected to commercial sexual exploitation. Press and Media Freedom: The National Agency for Publishing and Advertising (ANEP) controls public advertising for print media. split from Sada; Relizane split from Mostaganem; Souk Ahras split from Guelma; Tindouf split from Bchar; Tipaza FIS membership is illegal. U.S. exports to Algeria totaled $1.2 billion in 2005, an increase of more than 50% since 2003. Subsequent reforms to the national electoral law introduced open list voting to curb corruption. See the Department of StatesInternational Religious Freedom Reportatwww.state.gov/religiousfreedomreport/. The administrative division into departments and territories was based on French practice. )arable land: 3.2% (2018 est. ), total: 28.9 yearsmale: 28.6 yearsfemale: 29.3 years (2020 est. The Tellian and Saharan Atlas Mountain ranges cross the country from east to west, dividing it into three zones. The constitution provides for the protection of a persons honor and private life, including the privacy of home, communication, and correspondence. Police arrested protesters throughout the year for violating the law against unregistered public gatherings. Individuals may appeal adverse decisions to international human rights bodies, but their decisions would not have the force of law. Since the subdivision The ministry has three to six months to review the text, with the absence of a response after that time constituting a rejection of the application. tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List Algeria does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so; the government made key achievements during the reporting period, therefore Algeria was upgraded to Tier 2 Watch List; authorities identified more trafficking victims, increased investigations and prosecutions, while continuing to convict traffickers; Algeria partnered with international organizations to train officials and conduct public awareness campaigns; however, government identification of and services for victims remained insufficient; authorities continued to punish some potential victims for unlawful acts traffickers compelled them to commit (2022)trafficking profile: human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims; Algerian women and girls are vulnerable to sex trafficking due to financial problems or after running away from home; undocumented sub-Saharan migrants are vulnerable to labor and sex trafficking and are exploited in restaurants, houses, and informal worksites; sub-Saharan men and women needing more funds for their onward journey to Europe work illegally in construction and commercial sex and are vulnerable to sex trafficking and debt bondage; foreign women and girls, mainly from sub-Saharan Africa, are subject to sex trafficking in bars and informal brothels; criminal begging rings that exploit sub-Saharan African migrant children are common and reportedly increasing (2022), total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030, Children under the age of 5 years underweight, International law organization participation, Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income, Household income or consumption by percentage share, Civil aircraft registration country code prefix, Military and security service personnel strengths, Military equipment inventories and acquisitions, Refugees and internally displaced persons, Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI). ), 12.7% (2021 est. Do not travel to: Areas near the eastern and southern borders due to terrorism and kidnapping. By law workers may strike only after 14 days of mandatory conciliation or mediation. The law states that members of local, provincial, and national assemblies are elected for five-year terms and that presidential elections occur within 30 days prior to the expiration of the presidential term. Coercion in Population Control: There were no reports of coerced abortion or involuntary sterilization. ), air pollution in major cities; soil erosion from overgrazing and other poor farming practices; desertification; dumping of raw sewage, petroleum refining wastes, and other industrial effluents is leading to the pollution of rivers and coastal waters; Mediterranean Sea, in particular, becoming polluted from oil wastes, soil erosion, and fertilizer runoff; inadequate supplies of potable water, party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlandssigned, but not ratified: Nuclear Test Ban, particulate matter emissions: 35.17 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est. ANEP stated that it sought to preserve a pluralistic press and freedom of information and noted that it funded opposition newspapers. The Ministry of Interior did not provide domestic or foreign observers with voter registration lists. A longtime FLN member, TEBBOUNE ran for president as an independent. made the national language. Government officials did not take measures specifically to prevent discrimination against LGBTI persons. )imports: 531 million kWh (2019 est. Women may seek divorce for irreconcilable differences and violation of a prenuptial agreement. formed from parts of Annaba and Guelma; Ghardaa split from Laghouat; Illizi split from Ouargla; Khenchela formed from NGOs reported that employers refused jobs to LGBTI persons, particularly men perceived as effeminate. Women faced discrimination in employment. )government consumption: 20.2% (2017 est. ), urban population: 75.3% of total population (2023)rate of urbanization: 1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est. ), -0.82 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est. Postal codes: Algeria uses five-digit postal codes. York, 1991. Tamanrasset Algerian state of Arab, its capital is the city of Tamanrasset, occupies the first place among the states of Algeria in An Defla split from Chlef; An Tmouchent split from Sidi Bel Abbs; Bordj Bou Arrridj split from Stif; A nonresponse after this period of time is considered a rejection. Many trade unions remained unrecognized by the government; they identified delayed processing and administrative hurdles imposed by the government as the primary obstacles to establishing legal status. The law says any firing or other employment action based on discrimination against union members is invalid. 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