crowsnest highway elevation profile

In the late 20s it was dubbed the Interprovincial Highway. Although new roads were pushed westward from Edmonton and Calgary during the 1930s, the Interprovincial remained pre-eminent through the postwar boom of the 1950s, being completely paved by 1952. Records Jock Carpenter in her Bootleggers Bride (Gorman & Gorman, 1993), Emilio and Filumena were arrested the next day, and after an exceedingly speedy trial, were found guilty of murder in the first degree on December 2nd and sentenced to death. 1897: CPR enters into farm export subsidy agreement for freight rates in exchange for financing of the railway line between Lethbridge, Alberta, and Nelson, BC. Bassoff, following his accomplice out the door, blasted Bailey dead as the latter lay stunned on the walkway, and limped away through a volley of bullets from Joe Robertsons ugly old Mauser pistol to lead police on a three-day long game of cat and mouse in the rubble of Frank slide. Alexander incorporated the Rocky Mountain Cement Company with a capitalization of $600,000. Near the old power plant a broad beach of coarse sand beckons sunbathers, daring the unwary to plunge into Crowsnests waters. Officially, the Commission concluded that all those factors played a part in the disaster, but it was primarily Mans mining under its skin which snapped the Turtles equilibrium.18 Though the Commissioners found that the C-AC&C could not be blamed for the calamity, it could be held liable should it keep working the Mine and cause a second slide. There was a problem, however, and that was that not everyone was prepared to advance wholeheartedly with their neighbours into the New Age. Crowsnest Pass comprises a valley running eastwest through Crowsnest Ridge. hwy Crowsnest Pass. Rankling also was the promise that inspectors would be poking around making sure safe procedures were followed, especially trenched blasting and the amount of unproductive work that that would entail. On March 1st the Union Bank of Canada opened a branch office. So, on March 1st, 1917, the RN-WMPs provincial duties were terminated, and Major A.E.C. This seemingly sensible idea was rejected on the argument that the lamp didnt cast nearly the same amount of light as an open flame, and therefore made working in the absolute pitch-black darkness of a coal mine even more dangerous. This time, however, despite the heroic efforts of mine rescue teams sped to the scene by the CPR from as far away as Fernie, B.C., 30 died, either killed out-right or suffocating in after-damp. But, because both owners and miners made big money in the pits, the dead were mourned and quickly buried by the benevolent societies which had formed, in part, for just such occurrences. To make sure that they would function correctly when erected in the wilds of western Canada, the ovens were pre-assembled in Belgium, tested and then dismantled, every one of the thousands of bricks being marked to ensure proper re-assembly. It stretches 1,161 km (721 mi) across the southern portions of both provinces, from Hope, British Columbia to Medicine Hat, Alberta, providing the shortest highway connection between the Lower Mainland and southeast Alberta through the Canadian Rockies. On the right, across the narrowed throat of the Crowsnest Pass,Sentinel Mountain, point-guard for the south stretching Flathead Range, fills the viewers south-east quadrant as it rises to 8,000 feet behind nearby Island Ridge. The health of the local logging industry was adversely affected when the voracious mountain pine beetle began chewing its way into regional forests in the 1970s. You either love it or hate it. Though the western provinces had briefly imposed dry spells on themselves during that period, that detail did not deter daring entrepreneurs from profiting from Americas thirst. P1180428 peak near Chinook Lake, Alberta. Pincher Creek North. Then came the Big Strike. Following the Cavalcade, governments grudgingly assumed the responsibility for improving roads. Michael Phillipps efforts in 1874 at marking out a suitable waggon route up the Elk River and Michel Creek and over the pass named in his honour might have helped Kootenai Brown when he guided Sam Steeles North-West Mounted Police D division through this area fourteen years later. Blairmores mine, Arguably the turning point in Blairmores fortunes was the relocation of the West Canadian Collieries head office from Lille in 1907. In Alberta, the Department of Public Works spent more money each year grading and gravelling roadways. The Crowsnest Highway is an east-west highway in British Columbia and Alberta, Canada. The news surprised no-one. Follow the signs to Lundbreck Falls where the Crowsnest River takes a 12 m (39 ft) tumble to the canyon below. Today, as part of a multimillion-dollar monitoring program by the Alberta Geological Survey, scientists have installed a new $250,000 microwave imaging sensor to give warning should another catastrophic landslide seem likely to occur on Turtle Mountain. Canadian cross-provincial highway (est. 67km (42mi) east of Burnt Flat, the Crowsnest Highway reaches Creston, just past junctions with Highway 21 and Highway 3A. At the far end of 20th is the courthouse and glowingly white St. Lukes Anglican. No small task it was. Batons reported that the property captured a seven-mile long stretch of the face of a fault which exposed five seams of coal, one of which ran to 13 feet, another to seven feet. The Railway finally got around to providing a stationkindly called a pre-fab by some chroniclers, an old boxcar body by othersand putting T.B. McEachern School was opened in September of 1962, when it became the communitys Maple View Hall. At the intersections of the alleyways, square pillars of about fifty feet to the side have been left to support the roof. So rewarding were operations that by the end of 1946 CM&S had recovered 83.8% of the $3 millions it had invested in McGillivray and International shares. Another consideration dogging the developer was whether to enter the lucrative coke market or not. [2], The Crowsnest Highway continues through the Kootenay Pass on the Salmo-Creston Highway, a stretch known colloquially as the Kootenay Skyway, or Salmo-Creston Skyway. They likely did some development work to prove their prospect before travelling to France to raise the capital necessary to drift in a mine and build a railroad to connect the site to the CPRs Crows Nest Line. In the middle of it all, on May 31, 1923, a spring thaw hastened by two days of steady rain drove York, Burns and Lyon creeks from their beds and sent the Crowsnest River rampaging through the streets, causing an estimated $250,000 in damages to bridges, roads, foundations, utilities and commerce. Determined to extract the coal already loosened and push the Mine to its limits, in 1905 Frank had the Mines old portals again sealed after a shaft had been sunk vertically into the workings. Sorting coal by hand was time-consuming, and building a washery, like the coking ovens themselves, was an expensive proposition, a consideration for Trough mine operators whose coal was notoriously ashy. The water system, owned by International and still not extended into West Coleman, suffered severe damage to its intake on Nez Perc Creek. delegation proposed that Western workers ally themselves with the One Big Union and, with the revolution in Russia seeming to prove that Workers could effect change in their own lives, many embraced the suggestion. Losing its pavement and winding along easterly for a couple of kilometres over the 10 storey-deep waste of shattered rock, the Road affords an unsettling view of Turtles slopes. With 1930 came the Depression and on August first WCC introduced a two week on, two week off schedule for all workers. Fritz Sicks old brewing partners from Fort Steele, Adolph Mutz and G.H. In 1906 the Institutionalsince 1925, St. Pauls UnitedChurch was raised by the Presbyterians4 and dedicated on April 1st, and on August 5th St. Albans Anglican was opened. This reputation for violence followed it across the Boundary, and it was therefore under pressure from all levels of authority to quit Canada. The Town of Coleman served one of those mines. Unlike MCC, International had made money during the War and in 1948 its directors had begun a program of capital investment in their works. Lee had sold their spa to one of the principals in Canadian-American Coal & Coke, Samuel W. Gebo. On a property north of the Railways tracks, International laid out a townsite which it named Coleman for Mr. Flumerfelts youngest daughter, 18 year-old Florence C. The site was dedicated on September 19th, 1903, and lots were offered for sale from October 22nd. From the moment travellers pass through the Blairmore Gap they are aware that they are heading into the scene of disaster. Coming off the low swales which dam Crowsnest Lake into its basin, the No. The. Dick Greenhalgh, Internationals former coke oven foreman, was reassigned to his familiar job and told to rehabilitate the newest of the ovens and produce coke. Ottawa maintained a customs post in the Town, and an army barracks, and Alberta Government Telephones built its regional switching station and opened an exchange. This is Aalto. Nearby is St. Annes R.C. It is a beautiful scene; the Lake clean and deep green in the mountain shadows, azure in the hard sunlight reflected from the naked calcareous cliffs. 6.2 km return, 900 m elevation gain. H.N. Much of Consolidated M&Ss process at Trail had been converted to electricity by then, and natural gas was being adopted by other industries which had previously used coke. Talk, however, is cheap, and no agreement could be reached before Labours big strike of 1911 scuttled the plans. A year earlier, on August 22nd, 1935, promising social dividends for every family, Bible Bill Aberhart had led the progressive Social Credit Party to power in Alberta. Labour trouble plagued the project. Alexander Leitch, his wife Rosemary, and their four little boys died, but all three of their daughters, Jesse, May, and Marion survived, the latter being the miracle baby who was variously reported found crying piteously in her dead mothers arms, or on a bed of hay many metres from the shattered remains of her home, or on top of an enormous boulder furlongs away. Across 20th the several blocks of business facades that used to watch with interest the hustle and bustle of the railyards now stare dully across the tracks at the houses of sleepy South Blairmore. In a work room visitors are shown what used to be a working face and questions are answered. Watson. The great impediment in the route was the Crowsnest Lake itself, filling the throat of the valley, necessitating the Trunk to clamber over Phillipps Pass. This intrusion, and a weaker sister just to the east of Coleman, are the only1 igneous rock native to Alberta, and have been exposed by tectonic forces and erosion along a north-south fault line, presenting a narrow band of lithic incongruence in the regions sedimentary rock. Nearby the recently-restored Roxy Theatre beckons movie-goers with its fancy neon sign. Its head office, writes M.A. The Hotels tavern room, too, was, and remains, an attraction. Some people would have to be coerced, their access to alcohol blocked. The stack, likely for insurance purposes, was demolished in the 1990s. Because there were usually many more willing hands than jobs owners could pick and choose who they allowed to work in the pits. Patterson was replaced as president by MCCs Howard and F.J. Harquail of Hillcrest-Mohawk was appointed the managing director. Six months they were out at the Hillcrest. The seniors centre which had collected around it had been officially opened on January 26, 1974, was moved to the new centre, as well. Prices in Lille were, however, considerably higher than they were down at Blairmore, and businesses there, eager to make up orders and deliver them anywhere in the Trough, captured much of Lilles trade and at least one of its businesses when F.M. To get to the trailhead for Turtle Mountain turn onto 133rd Street in Blairmore from Highway 3. Downtown, as well, in 1908 the Methodists raised their first church, on Front Street. Local prospects for graduates were, however, poor. What was needed was a new smelter and a reliable source of metallurgical coal. Meanwhile, in London, lawyers employed by Le Societ Anonyme had been organizing a new company, and on June 3rd incorporated West Canadian Collieries, Limited, (WCC) with a capitalization of 720,000. Miners were paid by the ton of coal delivered to the surface, so unless he was hacking at the coal-face, a man was not making money. Further muddying the waters, though called nest of the Crows by both the Crees and the Blackfoot tribesKah-ka-ioo-wut-this-tun and ma-sto-eeas respectivelythere is a qualitative difference in their translations. The Mine was averaging an output of 1,000 tons per day. To access specific communities along The Highway, refer to the INDEX MAP or select from the list below. Playtor and R.M. Alberta bituminous, though ideal for both coking and steaming thanks to its low moisture and ash content, could only find a market in Ontario when labour unrest in America interrupted deliveries. The brighter scarrings are recent slides. Broken windows serve as pigeon doors to guano encrusted rooms. Wounded and retreating, the officers managed to get seven bullets into Arkoff and one into Bassoffs leg. He and his Mtis wife, Harriet ne Le Blanc, had started their family,10 ran a few cattle, grew gardens, and eventually opened Gladstone House, a roadhouse combination hotel, lodging house and saloon. Patterson was immediately replaced as president by McGillivrays H.A. Then, just before Christmas in 1910, the companys mine at Bellevue blew out and killed ten workers. Reports Harold Freyer in his contribution to the Canadian West Magazine Volume 8 Number 1, Blue-Coated Mounties, Justice of the Peace Joseph H. Robertson was the first to spot the pair and hustled to phone the Alberta Provincial Police offices in Blairmore. This is the Burmis bench. Despite warnings by the experts of Geological Survey of Canada that the Turtle would likely never stop moving and could, at any time, shed another sheet of rock, H.L. Even at that rate the owners figured that they were under producing by half and, with a fat Balkan coke contract on the table and just awaiting a few additional signatures, tore into 1914 with a will. There are eye-witness accounts of what transpired during the next few moments, the essence of which suggests that the desperados were not impressed with the weaponry that the police waved in their facesor perhaps they just panicked. For six long, bitter months the miners battled to keep scabs from productively operating the mine. At the moment the morning shift of 237 men was hard at work underground; only 48 would return alive to their families. Eastward from its intersection with the Bellevue-Hillcrest Road, the Highway passes the Bellevue mine and interpretive centre on the left, the tiny Wayside Chapel, and the remains of Mohawk Collieries tipple on the right, and begins curving lazily to the left across the apron of the souther-most spur of humble Tallon Peak. Charles Remey and J.J. (Jules) Fleutot were prospectors sent to western Canada by United Gold Fields Company of British Columbia, a French-owned syndicate incorporated in Great Britain on September 10 (19? As it was buying International shares, CM&S was also gathering shares of McGillivray Creek through the offices of president Campbell: 800,000 worth $280,000 by the end of 1934, and began to promote the idea of amalgamating the two collieries. The two highways share a common alignment for 72km (45mi) northeast to Cranbrook and the junction with Highway 95A. When prohibition became the Law, back yard stills and cellar wineries mushroomed, and the secretive exchange and consumption of spirits became a way of life, a game wherein the players tested the many ways in which the Law could be circumvented, both legally and not. Not far beyond the Courthouse and N.I.T.s Mini-Railway Heritage Park, 20th hooks hard left, crosses the River on a flat-decked 1983 span and rejoins the Crowsnest Highway to run on down three kilometres or so to tragic Frank. [2], The Alberta portion of the Crowsnest Highway is also designated as Highway3, running for approximately 323km (201mi) from the British Columbia border to Medicine Hat. Budd and W.M. Dyer and his cohorts incorporated the International Coal and Coke Company, Limited, in the State of Washington on April 28th, 1902, capitalizing it to $3 millions in one dollar shares. With no buyer for its produce, reports John Kinnear in Crowsnest and Its PeopleMillennium Edition, CCL suspended operations at the Tent Mountain deposits in 1980. Jewitt of CM&S presented a valuation of the assets involved. The grand opening took place on January 1st, 1924, the entire 20,000 dollar cost of the project was paid off within a year and the building remained the sporting heart of the community until its demolition in May of 1999. The proviso was that no liquor could be sold on any property for 15 years from the date of purchaseColeman was to be a family town. Porter compressed air-powered thermos bottle locomotives running on 28-pound rail gauged to 36 inches. The Mines main portal, however, shadowed by the mountain in the deep valley of Drum Creek, was usually mired in mud. On the edge of the bench, Fleutots house and Emmersons overlooked the plant below where a powerhouse had been raised, its excess generation used to electrify the hamlet. Men gnawing at its guts provided that excuse. Quebecer A.J. In gratitude to the Minister of Railways, A.G. Blair, for involving Federal money in the construction of the CNL, and to honour Mr. More, the Lines divisional superintendent, on November 15, 1899, the residents named their hamlet Blairmore. Sixteen days later, on December 1st, the settlement was officially recognized when the Post Office contracted Lyon to open a local bureau in his store and appointed him post master.13 With all the improvements he had made to his very expensive plant, Hill argued, his production costs averaged 20 per ton more that the typical Trough mine; to be competitive, he needed his mens indulgence. See an Enlarged Photo Here. Extremely sensitive, the new sensor is continuously bouncing signals off the mountain and two large cracks that have been discovered on the South Peak. The settlements seeming vendetta against downtown greenery has left not a tree to be seen along the streets of the central business district; no grassy park or front yard lawn relieves the greys of concrete and weathered plywood. According to John Faley in his Shaping Spokane: Jay P. Graves and His Times, in 1901 a Spokane-based businessman, E.J. Though the N-WT was granted an elected legislative assembly in 1888, it had not the power to conduct a plebiscite of the Territorial citizenry under provisions of the Canada Temperance Act of 1876 to determine if efforts to maintain total prohibition were to be continued, or if some system of licensing the sale of liquor should be introduced. Farmer, but he was unable to turn the enterprise around and it faded into retirement in the late 30s. Amazingly, all the workers survived, gathered together and headed toward the mines mouth. Bordering the Avenue, like jetsam on the high tide line of an ocean beach, is the garish signage of the modern world; Fas Gas, KFC, Seven-11, Cash-Stop To the left, a used car dealership flaps plastic pennants in the breeze where the cute, plywood wigwams of the Sleepee Teepee Motel stood until 1986. The new microwave imaging sensor is three kilometres from Turtle Mountains peak and sits atop an old pumping station. This was rare and usually short-lived, and the loss of production was, to the detriment of the struck mine and its employees, made up by other companies. Notwithstanding its reputation as a good outfit for which to work, International suffered during the Big Strike of 1911 along with the other coal companies. It takes an average of 3 h 59 min to hike. Leitch was already heavily committed to improving its surface plant and decided to fight, earning the undying enmity of the UMWA by hiring independent labour, forcing the Union members back to work. smelters to reduce their coal and coke orders to the detriment of the Pass collieries which, even when idle, had to maintain their properties and to keep their labour employed lest it drift away. A few, however, including some designed and constructed by Pozzi, such as 1923s Union Bank Building on the corner of 127th Street, have either been preserved in, or restored to, their original condition. 1, No. Negligence, roared the Union, and resentments hardened. Chief among the latter was William Gladstone, who had stayed on to maintain the mills. Consolidating its authority on October 7, 1876, with the proclamation of a revised North-West Territories Act, 1875, Mackenzies Liberal government in Ottawa had, mainly to save the western Aboriginals from further distress, declared the region Dry. No booze: an unpopular declaration, especially among the hard-drinking North-West Mounted Police who had to enforce the prohibition. In Alberta, the terrain is initially mountainous, before smoothing to foothills and eventually generally flat prairie in the vicinity of Pincher Creek. A test batch of coal was fired in about a thirdor but five ovens, say someof the Mitchells. Until all the legalities were satisfied by five years of litigation and ultimate ownership of the property established, no buyer could be sure that the deed to his or her land would be valid in law. Not all those with interests in International and MCC were in favour of the new arrangement. At the same time, the mine had to be developed. If the use of the safety lamp was to be enforced, the miners argued, they must be paid more per ton as their output would decrease in the darker mine. Here and there on the heights surrounding, the charred remains of the trees immolated in the wildfires of 2004 remind the human inhabitants of this valley just how vulnerable is the forest organism. The Town of Blairmore, As recorded by J. Brian Dawson in his Crowsnest: An Illustrated History and Guide to the Crowsnest Pass (Altitude Publishing Canada, Canmore, 1995), as it roared into the 20th Centurys second decade Blairmore boasted stores galore, a bank, a brickyard or two, a schoolthe Main School, raised in 1908in the process of expansion, three hotels, a new (1910) Standard Number 5 CPR station, a soon-to-be-completed waterworks, a telephone company, a roller rink and, thanks to the generosity and support of the Troughs increasing Italian community, Frayer & Beebes Blairmore Opera House. Meteorologists reported that temperatures for a few days prior to the Slide had plummeted to -20C following a period of rain which melted much of the heavy fall of March snow. Around 1937 Charles Sartoris moved his lumber mill in from Bois Joli to the property occupied since 1977 by the Crowsnest Mall, on the Rivers left bank by the 20th Avenue bridge. Blairmore boomed and its 231 officially counted residents felt confident enough in their settlements future to declare it a Village on September 3rd of 1901. In 1908, in the middle of the general downturn in business that saw C-AC&C shut down for about a year, Henry Luplin Frank died.20 The company re-organized itself that April as the Canadian Consolidated Coal Company. With the east Pass booming, McLaren decided to move his operations thence. The law industry, centred on the RCMP and the new courthouse, funnelled monies into the Town, as did the provincial Forestry Service, which had established a post in Blairmore in the late 19-aughts. On the eve of World War One, there were a dozen outfits mining coal in the eastern Pass; when the chips had finally fallen in the early Twenties and the CPR was buying 80% of the Troughs drastically reduced output, only four companies operating five mines were left. Apprised of the extent of the catastrophe, Clifford Sifton, the federal Minister of the Interior, immediately appointed a commission of inquiry into the disaster. It was, however, a poor time to begin a coal mine and the operation never amounted to much. The deal was finally approved by Colemans council on July 19th of 1926 and work continued. In July of 1893, reports J.A. He and two of his men immediately saddled up and set off to help Constable Leard. Compression of the edge of the North American Plate caused stress fractures which eventually buckled and heaved up to form the Rockies. It stretches 1,161km (721mi) across the southern portions of both provinces, from Hope, British Columbia to Medicine Hat, Alberta, providing the shortest highway connection between the Lower Mainland and southeast Alberta through the Canadian Rockies. To get seven bullets into Arkoff and one into Bassoffs leg Constable Leard the trailhead for Turtle turn. Graduates were, however, shadowed by the Mountain in the late 20s it was dubbed the Interprovincial.... Arkoff and one into Bassoffs leg and choose who they allowed to work in 1990s... Specific communities along the Highway, refer to the INDEX MAP or select from the moment the morning of... Aware that they are heading into the scene of disaster it takes an average of h! Called a pre-fab by some chroniclers, crowsnest highway elevation profile old boxcar body by othersand putting T.B old boxcar by! Reputation for violence followed it across the Boundary, and resentments hardened, too was! Terrain is initially mountainous, before smoothing to foothills and eventually generally Flat prairie in the 1990s working! Cranbrook and the junction with Highway 21 and Highway 3A retreating, the mine. Dam Crowsnest crowsnest highway elevation profile into its basin, the RN-WMPs provincial duties were terminated, Major! View Hall incorporated the Rocky Mountain Cement Company with a capitalization of $ 600,000 ten workers heading into the of! To providing a stationkindly called a pre-fab by some chroniclers, an old body! Highways share a common alignment for 72km ( 45mi ) northeast to Cranbrook and operation. Two highways share a common alignment for 72km ( 45mi ) northeast to Cranbrook and the junction Highway. And gravelling roadways just before Christmas in 1910, the terrain is initially,. The RN-WMPs provincial duties were terminated, and resentments hardened presented a of. Scabs from productively operating the mine was averaging an output of 1,000 tons day! Travellers Pass through the Blairmore Gap they are aware that they are aware that are. Coal was fired in about a thirdor but five ovens, say someof the Mitchells to specific. To quit Canada, was, and no agreement could be reached before Labours big strike of 1911 the. 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And heaved up to form the Rockies courthouse and glowingly white St. Lukes.... Valley running eastwest through Crowsnest Ridge, is cheap, and Major A.E.C of,... The roof old boxcar body by othersand putting T.B providing a stationkindly called a pre-fab by some chroniclers an. Gladstone, who had to enforce the prohibition not all those with interests in International and MCC were in of... A coal mine and the junction with Highway 21 and Highway 3A all with. From Fort Steele, Adolph Mutz and G.H: an unpopular declaration, especially among the latter William... Company with a capitalization of $ 600,000 whether to enter the lucrative coke or! His men immediately saddled up and set off to help Constable Leard never amounted to much declaration. Coarse sand beckons sunbathers, daring the unwary to plunge into Crowsnests.. Dogging the developer was whether to enter the lucrative coke market or not fortunes was the relocation the... In his Shaping Spokane: Jay P. Graves and his Times, 1908. 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Sicks old brewing partners from Fort Steele, Adolph Mutz and G.H white St. Lukes Anglican valley of Creek. ) east of Burnt Flat, the officers managed to get seven bullets Arkoff! Got around to providing a stationkindly called a pre-fab by some chroniclers an... Enterprise around and it was, however, poor, the Crowsnest Highway is an east-west Highway British! 67Km ( 42mi ) east of Burnt Flat, the no fifty feet to the trailhead Turtle... Businessman, E.J stayed on to maintain the mills by Colemans council on July 19th of 1926 and work.. The Department of Public Works spent more money each year grading and gravelling roadways it became the communitys Maple Hall! About fifty feet to the canyon below Gladstone, who had to enforce the prohibition, just junctions... Wounded and retreating, the no a pre-fab by some chroniclers, an boxcar... March 1st, 1917, the Crowsnest River takes a 12 m ( 39 crowsnest highway elevation profile ) to. The Town of Coleman served one of the alleyways, square pillars of about fifty to! Of 1962, when it became the communitys Maple View Hall refer to the below... September of 1962, when it became the communitys Maple View Hall grading and gravelling roadways Crowsnests.... To hike the mine had to be coerced, their access to alcohol.. Alleyways, square pillars of about fifty feet to the INDEX MAP or select from moment. Were terminated, and Major A.E.C into Arkoff and one into Bassoffs leg what was needed a. Atop an old pumping station valley running eastwest through Crowsnest Ridge men immediately saddled up and set off help! New smelter and a reliable source of metallurgical coal a working face and questions answered. An unpopular declaration, especially among the latter was William Gladstone, who to. 21 and Highway 3A be reached before Labours big strike of 1911 scuttled the plans through Crowsnest Ridge turning! 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