black israelite extremist

Founder Nathaniel Ray (aka Bishop Nathanyel Ben Israel), onetime member of the One West camp, has built the organization into an international entity since its creation. ISUPK believes that they are the only true BHI group because of their One West roots. There is a special focus on bringing their ideology to Black communities to end poverty, drug addiction, crime, and other social ills. The Black Hebrew religious ideology varies from group to group within the movement. Another group, the Moorish Zion Temple, founded in 1899 by a Rabbi Richlieu of Brooklyn, New York, was one of the earliest black Jewish congregations that did not combine Jewish and Christian beliefs, as did the Church of God and the Saints of Christ.". [77], The Black Hebrew groups that are characterized as being Black supremacist by the SPLC include the Israelite School of Universal Practical Knowledge,[78] the Nation of Yahweh[79] and the Israelite Church of God in Jesus Christ. Black-clad security guards and Hebrew Israelite priess sand outside the Baltimore chapter of the Israelite Church of God in Jesus Chris. [8], The Black Hebrew Israelite movement originated at the end of the 19th century, when Frank Cherry and William Saunders Crowdy both claimed to have received visions that African Americans are descendants of the Hebrews in the Bible; Cherry established the Church of the Living God, the Pillar Ground of Truth for All Nations, in 1886, and Crowdy founded the Church of God and Saints of Christ in 1896. Funnye stated that "we don't want to be seen as some radical fringe group with a false narrative because we are black and profess Judaism; we are Torah-oriented Jews. In the 1960s, Ben Carter aka Ben Ammi Ben Israel established a congregation in Chicago, Illinois, under the name African Hebrew Israelites. Using the RMVE label for Black Hebrew Israelites yields important comparisons between this movement and other RMVE actors, particularly white supremacist violent extremists. Gerald Duane Lewis, aka Gaddiell Ben Israel, shot and robbed Crystal Raquel Cash, a transwoman, in Evansville, Indiana in 2016. These teachings proved to be a source of conflict for congregants. was charged with aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, to take over $5.3 million from the Israelite Church of God in Jesus Christ organization. Israel United in Christ uses Telegram to create school chats, chats for events, and other communication that is protected on the encrypted platform. Singer, "Symbolic Identity Formation in an African American Religious Sect", p. 57. Just as not all BHI adherents are extremist, not all extremist sects preach the same level of hatred. Esau is described as red and ugly and Jacobs (Israels) descendants are described as dark skinned. Over the past several years, the threat of domestic violent extremism (DVE) to the United States has undergone a simultaneous uptick and broadening in scope to include an immeasurably wide variety of actors with different motivations, ideologies, and grievances. [83] Israel, Chenault's mentor, castigated Black civil rights activists and Black church leaders as being evil and deceptive, but claimed in interviews not to have advocated violence. Black Hebrew Israelites believe that they are the true Israelites and that the Twelve Tribes of Israel are people of color. Black Judaism later influenced groups like the Nation of Islam and activists like Martin Luther King Jr. The So Called Negroes and Hispanic Natives are the True Biblical Israelites., A page hosted on their website titled Not the Real Jew reads: Revelation 2:9. [13] Matthew incorporated his congregation in 1930 and moved it to Brooklyn, where he later founded the Israelite Rabbinical Seminary, where Black Hebrew rabbis have been educated and ordained. Extremist Sects Within the Black Hebrew Israelite Movement. The extremist faction of the BHI movement includes distinct groups operating nationally and internationally. Rabbi Dor occasionally conducted services at the synagogue until the early 1980s, when White had Dor and some other members locked out of the building. Situating the role of extremist interpretations of BHI ideology within domestic violent extremist incidents during the past several years, this report finds: GW Program on Extremism On December 10, 2019, two people who had expressed interest in the Black Hebrew Israelite movement were killed in a shootout with police. [5] Matthew maintained cordial ties with non-black Jewish leaders in New York and frequently invited them to worship at his synagogue. In 2017, a leaked copy of an FBI report on "Black identity extremists" sparked an outcry from activists, civil rights groups and Congress, who criticized the bureau for portraying disparate. David Anderson and Francine Graham, the perpetrators of the December 10, 2019 attack on a kosher market in Jersey City, New Jersey, had links to ICGJC. This report evaluates violent extremism inspired by or connected to the Black Hebrew Israelite (BHI) movement. Street Teaching or Street Units = organized activities during which members read Scripture in public, advertise their organization, and antagonize pedestrians. [65] In 2003 the agreement was revised, and the Black Hebrews were granted permanent residency in Israel. Through Edification, News, and Practical Knowledge sharing., On October 28, 2020, the Philadelphia chapter of House of Israel posted a video to social media that included individuals shouting antisemitic phrases at Jewish men during a protest following the fatal officer involved shooting of Walter Wallace Jr. After Crowdy's death in 1908, the church continued to grow under the leadership of William Henry Plummer, who moved the organization's headquarters to its permanent location in Belleville, Virginia, in 1921. The Black Hebrew Israelites sometimes called "Black Jews" "Black Hebrews" and "Hebrew Israelites," according to Vox are a controversial offshoot of an American religious movement. The recording captures taunts of Revelation 2:9 the Synagogue of Satan, Amalek, and Yall know that were the real Jews right that are consistent with antisemitic teachings employed by BHI and other groups. Authorities treated the incident as an act of domestic terrorism. In the early 2000s, the group splintered further into multiple extremist factions. Through the spirit and power of the Most High God in the name of his only begotten Son (YAHAWAH BAHASHAM YAHAWASHI). [5] Matthew was influenced by the non-black Jews he met as well as by Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League. Individuals or followers will also maintain their own pages and share posts from their location-specific or main group pages. Morgans body was not found until October 5, 2019, ten months after she had gone missing. One of the accomplishments of Garvey's movement was to strengthen the connection between black Americans and Africa, Ethiopia in particular. Another sect of Black Hebrew Israelites is Israel United In Christ, a New York-based group with a national and international presence as well, including in Newark, NJ. On December 26, 2018, Shohfah-El Israel dropped Morgan off at her student housing, disobeying congregation rules about interactions between women and men who were not their husbands. [20] Similar groups selected elements of Judaism and adapted them within a structure similar to that of the Black church. Many large groups operate a main page, dozens of local school pages, and additional pages for special activities within the faction. Adherents have identified a Bible passage they believe shows Jesus was a Black man. The following organizations embrace and promote extremist, racist, antisemitic, homophobic and sexist elements of BHI ideology. ", "Two Hebrew Israelite Biblical Verses Examined", "The Black Jewish or Hebrew Israelite Community", "Suspects in Jersey City Attack 'Expressed Interest' in Black Hebrew Israelites, Authorities Say", By Sarah Maslin Nir Dec. 12, 2019 The New York Times, By Michael Kunzelman December 12, 2019 Associated Press, "What to know about Black Hebrew Israelites, the group in that Covington Catholic video", Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience, "Israelis Urged To Act Over Black Hebrew Cult", "Black Hebrews fight for citizenship in Israel", "Yahweh ben Yahweh, Leader of Separatist Sect, Dies at 71", "Chief Rabbi Jehu A. Crowdy, Jr., G.F.A. Black Hebrew Israelite ideology is rooted in fringe interpretations of the enslavement and mistreatment of Black individuals throughout history, including the belief that God punished disobedient Israelites by spreading their nation and their descendants across the world (via the slave trade). [56], Matthew died in 1973, sparking an internal conflict over who would succeed him as head of the Harlem congregation. Cherry's Church of God was organized in Tennessee in 1886, but other sources do not confirm this date. Garvey used the Biblical Jews in exile as a metaphor for black people in North America. [77] The Anti-Defamation League has written that the "12 Tribes of Israel" website, which is maintained by a Black Hebrew group, promotes Black supremacy. Twitter Used to promote group activities and content from other platforms. Dorman said the Black Hebrew Israelite movement has evolved in waves since its nineteenth century beginnings. Our goal is to spread this marvelous Truth throughout the Earth. In December 2019, two adherents to an extremist faction of the Black Hebrew Israelites killed a police officer and then three individuals in a kosher supermarket in Jersey City, NJ. In late 2008, the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) wrote that "the extremist fringe of the Hebrew Israelite movement" is black supremacist. It should be noted that not all BHI adherents include Native American populations in the Twelve Tribes, but they all agree that white people or conventionally accepted Jews are not members of the tribes. American slaves found commonality with the biblical enslavement of the Israelites and considered themselves descendants of the tortured peoples. All Rights Reserved. This section has been adapted from Wikipedia; references have been checked and verified. On Wednesday, they were turned away by . Black Hebrew Israelism is a non-homogenous movement with a number of groups that have varying beliefs and practices. ", "Gathering of Christ Church to 'Tear Down Lies', "Courting Butt Naked: Israel United in Christ attempts to recruit former cannibal and leader of a Liberian child army", "The Hebrew Israelites Are A Real Threat", "Racist Black Hebrew Israelites Becoming More Militant", "God and the General. There are many sects which refer to themselves with variations of the name Black Hebrew Israelites. Israel United in Christ (IUIC) was founded in 2003 in New York as a splinter organization of the Israeli School of Universal Practical Knowledge. Israel United in Christ (IUIC) is the largest of the extremist Black Hebrew Israelite groups. At the same time, The Church of God and Saints of Christ served as a non-racist alternative to Cherrys teaching. Preachers use Deuteronomy 28:15-68 to encourage individuals to embrace their true title as Gods chosen children or continue to suffer in society as their ancestors have. One student reported the Black Hebrew Israelites called students 'racists', 'bigots', 'white crackers', 'faggots', and 'incest kids', and told an African American student that white classmates would "harvest his organs". However, despite being initially influenced by the original . [2] Many choose to identify as Hebrew Israelites or Black Hebrews rather than Jews in order to indicate their claimed historic connections. Anyone who spends time in an American city may encounter public sermons and other activities by Black Hebrew Israelite groups. [35][36], The rituals of Cherry's flock incorporated many Jewish practices and prohibitions alongside some Christian traditions. [59], Ben Ammi Ben-Israel established the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem in Chicago, Illinois, in 1966, a time when black nationalism was on the rise as a response to the Civil Rights Movement. The Southern Poverty Law Center reports, "Around the country, thousands of men and women have joined black supremacist groups on the extremist fringe of the Hebrew Israelite movement, a black . The group is based on a Black nationalist theology that dates back to the 19th century. This is important to understand because this clearly shows that everyone and anyone cannot be a Jew/Israelite, and God takes offense to those that claim to be Jews and are not authentic descendants of Abraham Isaac and Jacob., In their own words:Our mission is to wake up the so called Blacks and Hispanic Natives to their true Biblical nationality and cause them to truly follow God in Christ. We are a Bible Based organization that teaches Repentance to the Twelve Tribes of the nation of Israel. It should be emphasized that the extremist and anti-Semitic sects of Black Hebrew Israelites are unrelated tothe thousands of blackJews and other Jews of color in the US, who are genuine members of the Jewish faith. [84] Chenault did not draw any such distinction, and first decided to assassinate Rev. Please accept our heartfelt condolences; words cannot express the sadness we are all feeling right now. When Matthew later learned about the Beta IsraelEthiopian Jewshe identified with them. The BBC released a documentary on the case that same month which featured Morgans family. Jersey City, New Jersey, Kosher Marker Shooting: On December 10, 2019, David Anderson and Francine Graham shot and killed a police detective before opening fire on the JC Kosher Supermarket, killing three individuals in the store. Andersons accounts included messages calling Jews imposters and Satan worshipers and claims of Black supremacy, as well as anti-white and anti-law enforcement content. He was sentenced to 18 months in federal prison. [65] In 2003 the Black Hebrews garnered public attention when singer Whitney Houston visited them in Dimona. Years of negotiations with the Israeli government over settlement lead to their eventual citizenship in 1990. References are used as insults to show clear racial differences, as Jacobs children, Blacks, are believed to be the chosen race while Esaus descendants are cursed by God. In Israel, a break-off from the movement known as the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem today live in the southern city of Dimona. The group owns restaurants in several Israeli cities. Black Hebrew Israelites ascribe to the idea that modern-day African Americans are the descendants of the Israelites in the Old Testament of the Bible. Teaching the truth of the Bible and reintroducing the lost sheep of the house of Israel to their true identity.. School = the physical location that hosts activities. In their own words: Truenation.org gives lessons regarding the knowledge of God and his glorious son Yahawashi (Jesus Christ) to the fact that the TRUE children of Israel will be edified.. These new monikers are added to preexisting social media profiles, replacing the individuals given name. The antisemitic beliefs that some express include claims that Jews have no right to Israel as a homeland, contentions that Israel will not be fruitful until returned to the Israelites, accusations that Jews purposely enslaved Black individuals to steal their identity and assertions that Jews are imposters or Satanic. Membership declined throughout the 1990s, and by 2004, only a few dozen people belonged to the synagogue. BHI presents slavery, racism, incarceration and other social ills as divine punishments for disobedience that can only be cured through BHI ideology. Members were accused of committing the racially motivated murders to further the mission of the Nation of Yahweh or at the request of ben Yahweh. By Julia Lieblich for the Chicago Tribune Dec. 13, 2019 "Commentary: Rabbi Capers Funnye, other Black Hebrew Israelites wrongly connected to Jersey City shooters", "Black Hebrew Israelite leader condemns 'heinous' Jersey City shooting", "Hanukkah stabbing suspect searched 'why did Hitler hate the Jews,' prosecutors say", "The Hebrew Israelites in That March for Life Viral Video, Explained", "Black Hebrew Israelites: New York's Most Obnoxious Prophets", Two Hebrew Israelite Biblical Verses Examined, INFORM (Information Network Focus on Religious Movements), Academic study of new religious movements, Religious discrimination against Neopagans, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Hebrew_Israelites&oldid=1131228395, Religious organizations established in 1886, African and Black nationalism in the United States, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia articles needing context from January 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 January 2023, at 04:35. BHI celebrations of Passover and its understanding of symbols like the Star of David or menorahs are based on BHI biblical interpretation and not mainstream Judaism. Chireau, pp. [37] For example, during prayer the men wore skullcaps and congregants faced east. DEL RIO, Texas Self-described members of the Israelite School of Universal Practical Knowledge (ISUPK) appeared at the Del Rio migrant bridge camp ahead of what they say is a larger convoy representing the group. Smaller factions may co-host street teachings or conferences with other factions in efforts to appear larger. The movement has since splintered into numerous "camps", including the Israelite Church of God in Jesus Christ, and the Israelite School of Universal Practical Knowledge. Singer, "The Southern Origin of Black Judaism", p. 130. Leaders Bishop Nathanyel Ben Israel and Bishop Gabar were interviewed during the event. Originally a California-based group, the organization has established camps in 10 US cities. [41], In 1936, the Church of God and Saints of Christ had more than 200 "tabernacles" (congregations) and 37,000 members. [64] The Israeli government ruled in 1973 that the group did not qualify for automatic citizenship because they could not prove Jewish descent and had not undergone Orthodox conversion. History of American Black Hebrew Israelite Groups, The Black Hebrew Israelite (BHI) movement, antagonized visiting high school students, opening fire on the JC Kosher Supermarket. Because of this, one organization can own dozens of accounts and target or cater to different people across the world. The black supremacis group is obsessed with security and the evils of white people. Grant was additionally charged with five counts of personal tax evasion. The Israeli government said that more Black Hebrews may be granted citizenship. Dating back to the days of One West in Harlem, street teachings have become a daily performance for BHI groups. In addition, members of the Church were not permitted to eat pork. [1] [60] The Black Hebrews observe Shabbat and biblically ordained Jewish holidays such as Yom Kippur and Passover. Black Jews and Jews of color are genuine members of the Jewish faith. [30][66], In 2009, Elyakim Ben-Israel became the first Black Hebrew to gain Israeli citizenship. Extremist sects heavily rely on social media to spread information and coordinate activity. Ben Israel believed that the Hebrews of the Bible were Black and had claim over Israel as their homeland. In August 2019, Shohfah-El Israel was convicted of her murder and sentenced to 17 years in prison. Black Hebrew Israelites ascribe to the idea that modern-day African Americans are the descendants of the Israelites in the Old Testament of the Bible. Shortly before his death, Matthew named his grandson, David Matthew Dor, as the new spiritual leader. [14], According to the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), "Some, but not all [Black Hebrew Israelites], are outspoken anti-Semites and racists. Women in the group may organize their own activities and are called Sisters. The leader of the group is Nathaniel Ray (aka Bishop Nathanyel Ben Israel). Celebrities such as Kanye West and Kyrie Irving have brought increased media attention to antisemitism, the BHI movement and its beliefs in recent months. Noteworthy BHI factions in the 20th century include the Commandment Keepers, Ben Ammi Ben Israels Dimona, Israel congregation and the Israeli School. The transnational spread of antisemitism, racism, and extremist hate has allowed current extremist Black Hebrew Israelite preachers to plant seeds of hate globally, advancing the movement well beyond what their predecessors achieved through activities in local physical spaces. Followers, who are also referred to as Black Hebrews or Hebrew Israelites, believe that Blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans are the descendants of the Twelve Tribes of Israel. Members of the group are permitted to work, and they also have access to housing and social services. Extremist Black Hebrew Israelites assert that white people are agents of Satan, Jews are liars and false worshipers of God, and Blacks are racially superior and the only true chosen people. Some extremist leaders preach that only true descendants of the Twelve Tribes (Blacks, Hispanics, and Native Indians based on their beliefs) will be allowed into heaven, and that God will permit them to rule over all other races. [45] Since 2016, it has been led by Phillip E. The Black Hebrews reclaimed their American citizenship and have received aid from the U.S. government, which helped them build a school and additional housing. Disclaimer: SPLC uses the term Radical Hebrew Israelite to differentiate from the greater Hebrew Israelite faith. Organizational level social media activities vary across groups. [81][82] The 1999 assessment concluded that "the overwhelming majority of [Black Hebrew Israelites] are unlikely to engage in violence."[81]. The African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem are a Dimona-based community of more than 3,000 African-American expatriates and their Israeli-born offspring. Anderson was not a member of an established group and expressed his distrust of such organized camps on his profiles. In their own words: An Organized Nation uniting our people destroyed from colonialism and slavery. Negroes, Hispanics and Native Americans, You ARE the Children of ISRAEL. Its Old Testament observances include the use of the Jewish calendar, the celebration of Passover, the circumcision of infant males, the commemoration of the Sabbath on Saturday, and the wearing of yarmulkes. Chicago, Illinois August 31, 2019: IUIC members held the IUIC Mens Conference 2019 in Chicago and organized a march attended by 1,000 individuals. Black Hebrew Israelites believe that they are the true Israelites and that the Twelve Tribes of Israel are people of color. Real life activities such as street teachings, marches, and conferences find digital homes on BHI social media. [46] As of 2005, the church had fifty tabernacles in the United States and dozens more in Africa. In 1990, Illinois legislators helped negotiate an agreement that resolved the Black Hebrews' legal status in Israel. This list is not exhaustive. [67], Today, young men and some women from the African Hebrew community of Jerusalem serve in the IDF, they have entered international sporting events and academic competitions under the Israeli flag, as well as having represented Israel twice in the Eurovision song contest. [68], The Black Hebrews of Israel maintain a popular gospel choir, which tours throughout Israel and the United States. On December 10, 2019, a kosher market in Jersey City was attacked by two individuals. [25][32] The group was founded by Frank Cherry in Chattanooga, Tennessee, in 1886, and it later moved to Philadelphia. Black Hebrew Israelites can refer broadly to people of African descent who claim to be descended from the biblical Israelites and practice certain Jewish rituals. [85], Capers Funnye, who had been the rabbi for 26 years of the 200-member Beth Shalom B'nai Zaken Ethiopian Hebrew Congregation,[86][87] condemned the attack and said that his community was "gripped by sadness" over "the heinous actions of two disturbed individuals who cloaked themselves in anti-Semitism and hate-filled rhetoric". Extremist sects represent a vocal subsection of the larger BHI movement. The Israeli School (not connected to the African Hebrew Israelites), founded in the 1960s in Harlem, has produced active splinter factions that propagate some of BHIs most extreme, racist, militant and antisemitic ideologies. In extremist sects, it is believed that Jesus, the Messiah, will only save Israel, or the Israelites. However, an extremist fringe within the movement takes this idea one step further, arguing that white Europeans are the descendants of Satan and that white Jews are impostors. 2000 Pennsylvania Ave. NW Many extremist sects adhere to a strict hierarchal structure with clearly defined roles and responsibilities and division of the sexes. In the late 19th century, Cherry's and Crowdy's followers continued to propagate the claim that they were the biological descendants of the Israelites,[19] and during the following decades, many more Black Hebrew congregations were established; after Frank Cherry's death in 1963, his son Prince Benjamin F. Cherry took over leadership of the Black Hebrew Israelite movement. Israel United in Christs Brushes with the Law: Israel United in Christ has been associated with two violent acts and has attempted to distance themselves from the perpertators. White people and white Jews are commonly referred to as Edomites or descendants of Esau and biblical enemies of Jacob (Israel). [52], The Commandment Keepers believe that they are descendants of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba. Matthew supported accepting Jewish refugees and advocated for kindness between his followers and white Jews. The earliest organized BHI congregation was started by F.S. Most notably, the original school was renamed the Israelite Church of God and Jesus Christ (ICGJC). Leader and founder Yahweh ben Yahweh, aka Hulon Mitchell Jr., and 15 followers were indicted on charges of murder in the 1990s and ben Yahweh was convicted in 1992. Within this litany of increasingly lethal DVE movements are extremists associated with and/or inspired by the Black Hebrew Israelite (BHI) movement, who in the past five years were responsible for significant terrorist incidents in Jersey City, New Jersey, Monsey, New York, and elsewhere. They are also known as Black Israelites, Black Hebrews, and Hebrew Israelites and form multiple sub-groups. Black Hebrew Israelite (BHI) ideology is growing in America, experts told the Daily Caller News Foundation, as high-profile individuals echo its claims and antisemitism becomes more visible. Shapiro notes that F.S. Morgan was never seen alive again. Black Hebrew Israelites (also called Hebrew Israelites, Black Hebrews, Black Israelites, and African Hebrew Israelites) are a new religious movement claiming that African Americans are the descendants of the ancient Israelites. Hebrew Israelites should not be confused with Black Jews or Jewish individuals of color. [43] His son, Levi Solomon Plummer, became the church's leader in 1975. It wrote that the members of such groups "believe that Jews are devilish impostors and openly condemn Whites as evil personified, deserving only death or slavery". Our worktraces the historical and ideological evolution of the BHI movement and its extremist fringe, evaluates violent extremist incidents with a nexus to BHI ideology during the past half-decade, and from these assessments, highlights how BHI violent extremism can be analyzed and classified as a part of the contemporary American DVE scene. [13] Another early key figure was William Christian. Roles and classifications can include: Bishop, Deacon, Chief Priests, Apostles, Captain, Officer, Soldier and Brother. Less mainstream platforms such as Telegram are also used to coordinate in-group activities away from public channels. [40], The Church of God and Saints of Christ describes itself as "the oldest African-American congregation in the United States that adheres to the tenets of Judaism". [48][49] Members believe that Jesus was neither God nor the son of God, but rather an adherent of Judaism and a prophet. It's time to come back to God, Examples of Antisemitism: In a recorded sermon on January 21, 2020, Bishop Nathanyel and other leadership refer to Jews as: the devil that the Bible even speaks of, the so-called Jews, the house of demons, and specifically call Chasidic Jews evil despots., During the same sermon, another leader disparages Jews by stating: They lie in their media, they lie in their synagogues, they lie all over the place, everything they do is about lying., In October 2020, the main Facebook account of the IUIC posted: Black people have been experiencing a Holocaust since the 1400s and the #Jewish man has perpetuated the situation.. 3031. 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To indicate their claimed historic connections influenced groups like the Nation of.. Same month which featured morgans family cured through BHI ideology and other social ills as divine punishments disobedience. Sentenced to 18 months in federal prison in Dimona white supremacist violent extremists choose... Negotiations with the biblical Jews in order to indicate their claimed historic connections preach the time. Said the Black Church permitted to work, and conferences find digital homes on social. Read Scripture in public, advertise their organization, and the Black may. ( aka Bishop Nathanyel Ben Israel believed that Jesus, the Commandment Keepers, Ben Ammi Ben Dimona...

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