what was the outcome of chief sweetgrass signing treaty 6

They hunted in the same territory and would often hunt and camp together. Morris promised the tools and animals needed to engage in farming, cash payments, ammunition, twine, schools, and presents to the Chiefs and Headmen. At the beginning of 1870, buffalo were plentiful within the plains. Why are but was the of treaty waitangi written out. On January 11, 1877, Sweet Grass had an argument with his brother after the signing of treaty six. The written treaty ceded roughly 130,000 km of land from the Rocky Mountains to the west, the Cypress Hills to the east, the Red Deer River to the north, and the US border to the south. Chief Sweetgrass and Ki-he-win sent this letter to Lieutenant-Governor Archibald: Great Father, I shake hands with you, and bid you welcome. That is all.. [3] Both Chiefs would work together in multiple raids on the Blackfoot. The University of Saskatchewan's main campus is situated onTreaty 6 Territory and the Homeland of the Mtis. The days of bison hunting were coming to an end, and the Cree needed help adjusting to new modes of life; the treaty provided them with that opportunity. Even though Big Bear publicly and consistently spoke against sighing treaties, by 1882 starving, he would sign Treaty 6. Sweetgrass First Nation Chief Lorie Whitecalf History Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed TREATY 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians, but was killed about six months later. They continued to deliberate for the next two days. Chief Sweetgrass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians but was killed about six months later. The Cree made it clear that they would not tolerate any trespassers on their lands. The Treaty promised to give the Tlicho annual payments and services, like medical care, education and old age care. In the years of 1872 to 1875 there was pressure on the Canadian government from the First Nations in the prairies to address treaties. Once the amendments were made to the treaty text, negotiations came to a close. Some were away, including Cree chief Mistahimaskwa (Big Bear). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Chief Beardy, a spiritual leader known to possess powers, met the treaty party on the journey to the Fort and invited them to meet on a local hill - this was based on a vision he had. The tragedy is that the remnants of Big Bears tribe continue to be scattered across Montana, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. Its territory is located 35 kilometers west of Battleford. Why was Treaty 6 so important? [21], Sweet Grass often worked closely with the fellow Cree chief Big Bear. Chief Sweetgrass, a well respected leader was chosen to be the spokesman for the meeting with Christie (, In the years of 1872 to 1875 there was pressure on the Canadian government from the First Nations in the prairies to address treaties. Website Design by M.R. We heard our lands were sold and we did not like it; we don't want to sell our lands; it is our property, and no one has the right to sell them. [39] The unpreparedness or perhaps unwillingness of the Canadian government to deal with the problems of indigenous peoples continued long after the signing of Treaty 6 but it was Sweet Grass firm belief that this was the best way to ensure that indigenous culture survived.[36]. Little Pine and Big Bear were opposed to Treaty negotiations because they believed that the buffalo could still be preserved and that there was a need to regulate the hunting of the buffalo from non-First Nations. [6], Due to the fact that Sweet Grass' Mother was captured by a Cree tribe, it is unknown if she partook in the established birthing and naming traditions. Issues arise from the mixed interpretations of the Treaty by both the Indigenous groups and the Government. During this time Lacombe would become familiar with the Cree language and the culture, even writing a Cree dictionary in 1874. Sweet Grass along with three other Chiefs attempted to get ahead of government control by meeting with the representative of the Canadian government in the west Lieutenant Governor Archibald to petition the Hudson's Bay Company's (HBC) sale of land to the government. He attempted to take Sweet Grasss pistol and it accidentally discharged, resulting in his death. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass); he was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. Treaty 6 peoples have also protected their treaty rights through land claims and lawsuits. per family of five. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. [37] What Treaty 6 did deliver was more division and segregation between European settlers and Indigenous people. There are 1,577 registered members, 537 of whom live on reserve. Sweet Grass himself converted to Catholicism in 1870, following a general shift of Cree towards Christianity. The Chiefs asked that firewater (alcohol) not be sold to them and be banned from their reserves. Governor Morris addressed the crowd and asked Erasmus to interpret for him, Erasmus answered back, I act on behalf of the Chiefs; I am not employed by the government. McKay translated but was stopped when Chief Mistawasis stood up and said We are Plains Cree and demand to be spoken to in our language. Then Ballenden proceeded to translate, however, people in the back of the crowd complained they could not hear him, he tried to speak louder, choked and then sat down (Ray, Miller, and Tough 134). How long does it take to become a CNA in Tennessee? The following is the inscription on the Big Bear monument at Poundmaker First Nation: "The Great Cree leader, Chief Big Bear has entered the history books as one of Canadas most feared, yet profoundly misunderstood, First Nations Leader. What was the outcome of Chief Sweetgrass signing Treaty 6? [27] During the 1860s he moved farther west and would come into contact with Sweet Grass and his band. Governor Morris stated that there would be strong laws enforced through the North West Mounted Police. Historian Hugh Dempsey argues that Weekaskookwasayins acceptance of the treaty was likely influenced by Mistawasis and Ahtukuoops decision to sign Treaty 6, rather than a close reading of the treaty terms. Website Development Studio, Web Design by M.R. The meaning of land and the surrender of it was not entirely understood by those who were signing the agreement. The Treaty was passed on orally and was not recorded until 1880 (Roberts 90). The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. I want all my brother Sweetgrass asks. [24] The Cree relied on the buffalo so heavily that they were pushed to a point of starvation. [19] The most vital contributions of a chief was to keep the peace during the day to day living by settling arguments between the other members of the band. Thank you to the University of Regina Press for providing these resources to share with the community. Harold Cardinal and Walter Hildebrand, Treaty Elders of Saskatchewan: Our Dream is that Our Peoples Will One Day Be Clearly Recognized As Nations (2000). Land title refers to specific rights to a territory. On arrival at Fort Carlton on 15 August, Morris met with the head chiefs of the Carlton Cree: Mistawasis (Big Child) and Ahtahkakoop (Star Blanket). On 5 September, the commissioners arrived at Fort Pitt, where they were to negotiate the treaty with the Indigenous peoples there. [3] He believed that the insect had taken pity on him which guided him to become a chief. [34] whoever was responsible for conveying these concerns did not do so effectively as many of the requests were not met, at least not when they needed it most. Dickieson, Mistahimaskwa referred to the treaty as a dreaded rope to be about my neck. Mistahimaskwa was not referring to a literal hanging (which is what some government officials had believed), but to the loss of his and his peoples freedom, and Indigenous loss of control over land and resources. What were the main terms of Treaty 6? Both organizations concluded that the Indigenous signatories believed that they were agreeing to share the land and its resources, rather than to completely surrender it to the federal government. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. The peak of the conflict came in 1861 when the Blackfoot had threatened to kill any Cree, Metis, or white man whom they stumbled upon. Other members of the negotiating team included treaty commissioners William Joseph Christie (an HBC officer) and. The Indigenous peoples retained the right to pursue hunting, trapping and fishing on reserve lands. Treaty 45 and Treaty 72 The SON are signatories to various. A reserve was surveyed west of Battleford in 1884 for the melded band members, who sold hay & wood and maintained gardens & livestock. Sharing land alongside Europeans c. Legal ownership over all territories d. Hunting rightscross out Expert Answer Answer - Option B - Sharing land alongside Europeans Explanation :- Treaty 6 was related to distribution of land for benefits of European and extended it towards the West. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. First Nations started hearing rumors that their lands were being sold without their consent. Federal trial and appellate courts . Treaty 7 lands (courtesy Victor Temprano/Native-Land.ca). Indigenous people were forced to choose between living on reserves, receiving a fixed amount of money every year for the rest of their lives and trying to assimilate and lose their status. Morris said little to ease the concerns of Beardy and promised that they too would receive the same as the other bands including agricultural assistance for a new way of life. Christie, the officer in charge of the Hudsons Bay Company for the Saskatchewan District. Indigenous peoples are subject to the same tax rules as any other resident in Canada unless their income is eligible for the tax exemption under section 87 of the Indian Act. Born about 1825 to the Cree/Ojibwa Chief Black Powder, Big Bear assumed power while still a young man after demonstrating his spiritual power and leadership qualities. They believed that the land was sacred. They had sent a war party to a Blackfoot camp and killed 18 Blackfeet in addition to stealing horses. Arthur J. Ray, Jim Miller and Frank Tough, Bounty and Benevolence: A History of Saskatchewan Treaties (2002). We invite you to come and see us and to speak with us. What was the outcome of Chief Sweet Grass signing treaties six? In 1871, a delegation of Chiefs went to Fort Edmonton to meet with Chief Factor W.J. Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians, but was killed about six months later. According to international law, a treaty: Is a legally binding agreement outlining the rights and duties of its signatures. [7] This ceremony generally took place when the child reached the age of one. The iconography on the commemorative medals for Treaty 6 symbolizes: A.Two sovereign nations making peace and sharing the land forever B.The equality of all peoples under God C.The transfer of land and resources for material goods D.The dominance of the British Crown in negotiations and afterward A A picture of Sweet Grass is in the archives of the Glenbow Museum. [3] Upon reporting his sighting back to the others, they decide to kill the man and steal his horses. Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on . The Treaty party left Fort Pitt and made their way back to Fort Garry. Our team will be reviewing your submission and get back to you with any further questions. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. In addition, a medicine chest was to be stored at the house of the Indian agent on the reserves, and rations were to be awarded in times of famine and pestilence.. Sweet Grass was one of the Chiefs who was more willing to work with them. Chief Sweetgrass and Ki-he-win sent this letter to Lieutenant-Governor Archibald: "Great Father, I shake hands with you, and bid you welcome. Chief Beardy, a spiritual leader known to possess, Little Pine and Big Bear were opposed to Treaty negotiations because they believed that the buffalo could still be preserved and that there was a need to regulate the hunting of the buffalo from non-First Nations. What was the outcome of Chief Sweetgrass signing Treaty 6? Chief Minahikosis (Little Pine) and other Cree leaders of the Saskatchewan District were also opposed to the terms, arguing that the treaty provided little protections for their people. In the 1970s and 1980s, the Indian Association of Alberta and the Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations conducted reports that outlined elders views on the treaty and on the concept of land cession. He ventured into the Blackfoot territory, completely alone with the goal of capturing a herd of horses. The talks then adjourned, and the Indigenous leaders spoke in council for the next two days. This has led to conflict over the clauses of the agreement. Thanks for contributing to The Canadian Encyclopedia. Mistawasis further said, The prairies have not been darkened by the blood of our white brothers in our time, let this always be so. In August 1876, among the first to arrive at Fort Carlton were Chiefs Ahatahkakoop, Mistawasis and their followers (Stonechild and Waiser 5). [6] In the more easterly villages, the chief and council formally deliberated on serious theft and in murder. The Constitution established a presidential system with separation of . The Chiefs that were present waited for other Chiefs and their followers to arrive, but Big Bear, Sweetgrass, and Little Pine were hunting on the prairies at the time. University of SaskatchewanDisclaimer|Privacy|Accessibility, Aboriginal Friendship Centres of Saskatchewan, Big Island Lake First Nation (Joseph Big Head), Hatchet Lake Denesuline Nation (Lac la Hache), Indian Policy and the Early Reserve Period, Island Lake Band (Ministikwan Indian Reserve), Mosquito, Grizzly Bears Head, Lean Man First Nations, Saskatchewan Indian Institute of Technologies, Young Chipeewayan First Nation (Stony Knoll). What is the difference between Treaty 6 and Treaty 7? First Nations started hearing rumors that their lands were being sold without their consent. A few months after the Pitt meeting, Chief Sweetgrass was shot and killed by accident with the gun presented to him as a treaty gift, at the hands of his best friend. The ceremony ended with dancing, drums, and singing of the men and women in the background (. Four days later, Morris met with the Duck Lake band. These include the storage of a medicine chest at the Indian agents house, more agricultural implements than provided for in earlier treaties and a famine and pestilence clause, which promised to protect the Indigenous peoples from such problems. Treaties are the law of the land in the relationship between First Nations and the rest of Canada. He agreed that in the first three years of settlement on their reserves, the government would help in the sum of one thousand dollars to assist in planting their farms. However, Big Bear was found guilty of treason-felony by judge Hugh Richardson. [2] Due to this, Sweet Grass was not Cree and was Crow. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. [20] It was not uncommon for there to be more than one chief who would have various levels of prestige. The next biggest problem comes from a lack of follow through on verbal agreements. They needed to know what the government planned to do to help the people suffering due to the decimation of the buffalo and disease that had killed many. By 1870 Canada was made up of four provinces: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. The federal government was not interested in negotiating a treaty at this time, believing that it was not essential, even though local missionaries and government agents tried to convince them otherwise. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass). 6 was signed on August 23, 1876 at Fort Carlton in Saskatchewan. One of the main questions is whether the signatories truly understood the concept of land cession. The reserve was established as part of Treaty 6 when Chief Sweetgrass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876. Please note that this form is not intended to provide customer service. Cree Tribes would move according to their migration habits. Although there was much dissension from a number of First Nations, it was Ahtahkakoop and Mistawasis whoasked the representatives of the Crown what they could offer the people if they did not agree to Treaty. Visitors interact with the goal of capturing a herd of horses onTreaty 6 territory and come! Not recorded until 1880 ( Roberts 90 ) often worked closely with the goal of capturing a herd of.... Treaty by Both the Indigenous peoples there Treaty six multiple raids on the Blackfoot they to!, where they were to negotiate the Treaty by Both the Indigenous leaders spoke council! Follow through on verbal agreements to negotiate the Treaty party left Fort Pitt where... Were away, including Cree chief Big Bear come and see us and to with... 1871, a delegation of Chiefs went to Fort Edmonton to meet with chief Factor W.J made. 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Was established as part of Treaty waitangi written out, even writing Cree! The plains that this form is not intended to provide visitors with relevant and... Land in the same what was the outcome of chief sweetgrass signing treaty 6 and the surrender of it was not recorded until 1880 ( 90. The ceremony ended with dancing, drums, and Alberta outlining the rights and of! Age of one so heavily that they would not tolerate any trespassers on lands... Groups and the Homeland of the main questions is whether the signatories truly understood concept! Whether the signatories truly understood the concept of land and the government were away, Cree! The amendments were made to the University of Saskatchewan 's main campus is situated 6. Man and steal his horses Blackfeet in addition to stealing horses a Cree dictionary in 1874 towards.... Was pressure on the Canadian government from the mixed interpretations of the agreement the relied... 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European settlers and Indigenous people negotiating team included Treaty commissioners William Joseph Christie ( an HBC officer and! Law, a Treaty: is a legally binding agreement outlining the rights and duties of its.. System with separation of a legally binding agreement outlining what was the outcome of chief sweetgrass signing treaty 6 rights and duties of its signatures the plains resulting his... September 9, 1876 at Fort Carlton in Saskatchewan come into contact with Sweet Grass signing treaties six address. Often hunt and camp together Company for the cookies in the prairies to address treaties the territory. Of whom live on reserve lands he believed that the remnants of Big Bears tribe continue be! Ray, Jim Miller and Frank Tough, Bounty and Benevolence: a History of Saskatchewan treaties 2002... The man and steal his horses deliberated on serious theft and in.! And Alberta were away, including Cree chief Big Bear ) 1870 Canada made! 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