friedrich scharnhorst

Friedrich G Sauer from Lansing, MI. Almost nothing of his extensive literary estate is translated into English, however. Only 36 men survived, out of a crew of 1,968. Half an hour later, Scharnhorst's loudspeakers called the crew to battle stations in preparation for the attack. Gerhard Johann David von Scharnhorst (1755-1813) was a general in Prussian service, Chief of the Prussian General Staff, noted for both his writings, his reforms of the Prussian army, and his leadership during the Napoleonic Wars. [74] Fraser then ordered Jamaica and Belfast to move into range and finish the crippled ship off with torpedoes. Admiral Marschall detached Admiral Hipper and the four destroyers to refuel in Trondheim, while he would steam to the Harstad area. [57] On 22 September, a pair of British X-craft mini-submarines attacked and seriously damaged Tirpitz,[58] which reduced the Arctic Task Force to Scharnhorst and her five escorting destroyers. Have a response or an idea for your own article? Many of these hits had badly damaged the ship's secondary armament, which left her open to destroyer attacks, which Fraser ordered. Scharnhorst was a prominent World War 2 capital ship, the lead of her class, cited as either a light battleship or a battlecruiser. The following day a reconnaissance plane from RAF Coastal Command spotted the ship, and a raid by twelve Hudson bombers took place on 11 June. He is a male registered to vote in Ingham County, Michigan. A third shell hit the deck next to turret Caesar and caused some flooding; shell splinters caused significant casualties. The subjects had to become citizens of the state and this new political reality, eager to defend that state. Try again later. This flower has been reported and will not be visible while under review. The explosion caused splinter damage and disabled the ammunition hoists for the 37mm anti-aircraft guns. [21], The damage was severe enough to force Scharnhorst to put into Trondheim for temporary repairs. [54] During the operation, Scharnhorst destroyed a battery of two 76mm (3.0in) guns and shelled fuel tanks, coal mines, harbor facilities, and military installations. [5] It would be this generous behavior Scharnhorst would replicate later when interacting with students and subordinates. Birth: 18 Nov 1880: Death: 7 Jul 1887 (aged 6) Warren County, Missouri, USA . ADS VIEW EMAIL ADDRESSES . Resend Activation Email, Please check the I'm not a robot checkbox, If you want to be a Photo Volunteer you must enter a ZIP Code or select your location on the map. Extensive damage from shellfire and torpedoes is evident; the bow was blown off, presumably from a magazine explosion in the forward turrets, and lies in a tangled mass of steel some distance from the rest of the hull. [64] The battleship was hit twice by 20.3cm (8in) shells; the first failed to explode and caused negligible damage, but the second struck the forward rangefinders and destroyed the radar antenna. The forward and rear gun turrets were temporarily disabled, along with half of her anti-aircraft battery. Friedrich Wilhelm did not appoint him as the commander of the main Prussian Army fighting Napoleon in Silesia. [31], On 15 March, the two battleships, with the two tankers in company, encountered a dispersed convoy in the mid-Atlantic. Prussia was still in the midst of its decade of neutrality, when after the Peace of Basel in 1795 it observed from a safer distance the continuing Revolutionary Wars and the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. When the king finally switched sides in the spring of 1813, Scharnhorst swiftly unfolded the plans for mass mobilization prepared by his circle. Among Scharnhorsts collected works, amounting to eight volumes in German, there are numerous essays covering his most important ideas. He was, in fact, born in the Electorate of Brunswick-Lneburg (better known by its most important city Hanover), and not Prussia, on November 12, 1775. All German capital ships deployed to the Atlantic were therefore out of action. The views expressed are her own and do not reflect the official position of the U.S. Air Force, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. Only the centerline shaft was operational, which permitted a speed of only 10 knots (19km/h; 12mph). Napoleon Bonaparte errichtet das Herzogtum Warschau . Friedrich Buchardt - Member of the Einsatzgruppen death squads, who started off grading people on their Germanness and then progressed to outright genocide. Please try again later. Scharnhorst crew. [1] But this is far from a comprehensive representation of an intellect that played such a crucial role in the modern philosophy of war. Oops, some error occurred while uploading your photo(s). [10] The ship was launched on 3 October 1936, witnessed by Adolf Hitler, Minister of War Generalfeldmarschall Werner von Blomberg, and the widow of Kapitn zur See Schultz, the commander of the armored cruiser Scharnhorst, which had been sunk at the Battle of the Falkland Islands during World War I. Fitting-out work followed her launch, and was completed by January 1939. [20] On 7 June, the squadron rendezvoused with the tanker Dithmarschen to refuel Admiral Hipper and the four destroyers. The reformers turned their attention to what Trevor N. Dupuy calls a system of institutionalized military excellence.[14] Napoleon was surrounded by capable aides-de-camp, trained in his own school of war, expert in various branches of service able to carry out independent assignments. Please enter your email and password to sign in. The third 454kg bomb hit aft of the rear 28cm turret, about 3m (9.8ft) from the side of the ship. Please enter a valid Memorial ID. Ltjens' orders prohibited him from engaging Allied capital ships, and so the attack was called off. The best method for developing coup doeil, he argued, combined the critical reading of military history, both ancient and modern, with what he called supposing (supponieren), the habit of placing imaginary forces in what-ever real piece of ground happened to be at hand.[6]. Close this window, and upload the photo(s) again. The German force quickly fled north before using inclement weather to make the dash south through the North Sea. We will review the memorials and decide if they should be merged. [29] The ship's machinery was also significantly damaged by the flooding, and the starboard propeller shaft was destroyed. Jrme Bonaparte wird Knig des neu gegrndeten Knigreichs Westphalen . His principal staff officer, Louis Alexandre Berthier, was an experienced and hard-working subordinate able to translate the emperors wishes into stellar orders. At 19:45, the ship went down by the bow, with her propellers still slowly turning. An RAF patrol aircraft spotted the three ships that day, which prompted an air attack. A Discussion of the Main Reasons for the French Successes in the Revolutionary Wars and Especially in the Campaign of 1794, perhaps his most famous and consequential treatise from 1797, is merely forty pages long, for example. Are you sure that you want to delete this photo? Her anti-aircraft armament consisted of fourteen 10.5cm L/65 and sixteen 3.7cm (1.5in) SK C/30 L/83, and initially ten 2cm (0.79in) C/30 anti-aircraft guns. Shell splinters started a fire in the ammunition magazine, which forced the Germans to flood both forward magazines to prevent an explosion. On 22 February, the pair spotted an empty convoy sailing west, which dispersed at the appearance of the battleships. He had at least 1 son with Anna. The Hudsons dropped thirty-six 227lb (103kg) armor-piercing bombs, which all missed. [53], Scharnhorst, Tirpitz, and nine destroyers embarked from Altafjord on an offensive on 6 September known as Operation Zitronella; the ships were tasked with bombarding the island of Spitzbergen. and trans. Thus he created a force in reserve that could be called upon once the time was ripe. At 07:03, Scharnhorst was some 40 nautical miles (74 kilometres; 46 miles) southwest of Bear Island when she made a turn that would put her in position to attack the convoy at 10:00. [47] The fighters flew at masthead-height to avoid detection by the British radar network. Reorganisation by Carl Rchling (Wikimedia). The second 28cm round struck the ship's "X" barbette and disabled the turret. Learn more about merges. Hon deltog i slaget vid Barents hav 1942 och i slaget vid Nordkap 1943. [60] By December 1943, the German Army was forced into continuous retreat. We encourage you to research and examine these records to determine their accuracy. At 16:00 on 14 March, Scharnhorst dropped anchor in Bogen Bay outside Narvik. Friedrich Vedder is 53 years old and was born on 01/02/1969. This relationship is not possible based on lifespan dates. [45], At 23:00 on 11 February, Scharnhorst, Gneisenau, and Prinz Eugen left Brest. based on information from your browser. Please reset your password. [15] During the brief engagement, Rawalpindi managed to score a hit on Scharnhorst, which caused minor splinter damage. Friedrich Scharnhorst (1834 - 1892) How do we create a person's profile? [22] Titled Bruchstck ber Erfahrung und Theorie. By December, only two of the three shafts were operational and a complete overhaul of the propulsion system was required. The Enlightened Soldier: Scharnhorst and the Militarische Gesellschaft in Berlin, 1801-1805. The Germans reached Wilhelmshaven on 27 November, and on the trip both battleships incurred significant damage from heavy seas and winds. and trans. [31], Ltjens then decided to move to a new area, as the surviving members of the dispersed convoy had sent distress signals. The two ships were forced to put into port during the storm: Scharnhorst went to Gotenhafen while Gneisenau went to Kiel for repairs. Weve updated the security on the site. The design also enabled the ship to be up-gunned with six 15-inch guns, which never took place. [20] Clausewitz provides a clear description of his mentors approach: Diffuseness was therefore never in evidence in his written work, for he kept correcting and revising his text until his exceptionally precise mind was entirely satisfied and not one word seemed out of place.[21] Neither did Scharnhorst make use of the vivid metaphors for which his student became famous. [61] During a conference with Hitler on 1920 December, Groadmiral Karl Dnitz decided to employ Scharnhorst against the next Allied convoy that presented itself. She was powered by three Brown, Boveri & Cie geared steam turbines, which developed a total of 159,551shp; 118,977kW and yielded a maximum speed of 31.5 knots (58.3km/h; 36.2mph) on speed trials. The few instances of this personal experience now become the yardstick, and all similar occurrences are judged according to them, even if the circumstances and the results are marked by a greater diversity. This memorial has been copied to your clipboard. When the officer in the General Staff has received a good education in times of peace, in times of war he will quickly become useful in many roles. The convoy was spotted again two days later, and it was determined that the course was definitively toward the Soviet Union. Scharnhorst believed in military historys crucial role in the education of military professionals, for it could provide them with an opportunity to study wars complex conditions. Appointed as the head of the Military Reorganization Commission, Scharnhorst now rushed to capitalize on the momentum the political overhaul had created. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/35136105/friedrich-fritz-scharnhorst. The ship had an armored deck that was 20 to 40mm (0.79 to 1.57in) thick on the flat portion, increasing to 105mm (4.1in) on downward-sloping sides that connected to the bottom of the belt. The second torpedo hit the ship on the port side and caused some minor flooding, and the third struck toward the rear of the ship and damaged the port propeller shaft. Friedrichmarried Hannah F Scharnhorst (born Schnelle)on month day1859, at age 27 at marriage place, Illinois. In early April, Scharnhorst, Tirpitz, and nine destroyers conducted a training mission to Bear Island in the Arctic Ocean. Michael Schoy. [48][49], Scharnhorst did not make the voyage unscathed, however; at 15:31 she struck an air-dropped magnetic mine in the mouth of the Scheldt, abreast of the forward superfiring turret. Bismarck had been sunk on 27 May. The only effective weapon at the disposal of the Germans in Norway was ScharnhorstTirpitz was badly damaged, and the four remaining heavy cruisers were committed to the Baltic. Try again later. The German warships were protected by poor visibility, however, and the three ships safely reached port later that day. They would, perhaps, never dare an audacious thought because no similar case from history, crowned with success, gives them the necessary confidence. You need a Find a Grave account to continue. Nothing in this case is more dangerous than ones own experience without the understanding with which military history provides us. The second and third turbines were restarted at 15:55 and 16:01, respectively, which permitted a speed of 27 knots (50km/h; 31mph). [6] In October 1943,[7] shortly before Scharnhorst's last mission, Hffmeier was replaced by KzS Fritz Hintze,[8] who was killed during the ship's final battle. He therefore decided to head for Brest in occupied France, which the ships reached on 22 March. The explosion killed or injured 34 men and prompted the crew to flood the magazines for turret Caesar as a precaution against a magazine explosion. No one knew how well he would perform in a real war, however. Charles Edward White. In his first year, Lieutenant Clausewitz almost failed the course, for his formal education was rather spotty as he had left school before the age of twelve to participate as a boy-soldier in the First Revolutionary War. New York Times bestselling author Anne Perry merges family secrets with suspense on the world stage, as darkness bubbles under the surface of a Europe on the brink of change. ", At 18:42, Duke of York ceased fire, having fired 52 salvos and having scored at least 13 hits, but Scharnhorst was pulling away. During the Battle of the North Cape (26 December 1943), the Royal Navy battleship HMSDuke of York and her escorts sank Scharnhorst. Dorothy was born in 1800, in Hannover, Hanover, Prussia, Germany. After receiving only fragmentary education, the teenage boy was provided with a tutor and prepared to enter the military academy of Count Wilhelm in the neighboring principality of Schaumburg-Lippe. Boiler and turbine troubles kept the ship in Germany for the remainder of 1942. He ruled as an enlightened Prince over his tiny-but-independent principality of some 20,000 people, north of Hanover. [16], At 09:15 the following morning, Admiral Hipper was detached to reinforce the destroyers at Narvik, which had reported engaging British forces. Scharnhorst then turned again and increased speed, in the hopes of escaping the cruisers and finding the convoy. At 03:19, Bey received instructions from the Fleet Command that Scharnhorst was to conduct the attack alone if heavy seas interfered with the destroyers' ability to fight. Bernd von Arnim, Paul Jakobi, Friedrich Eckoldt, Erich Steinbrinck, Diether von Roeder and Max Schulz. The so-called "Channel Dash", codenamed Operation Cerberus, would avoid the increasingly effective Allied radar and patrol aircraft in the Atlantic. Catharina was born circa 1744. Clausewitz, as Donald Stoker states, thoroughly imbibed the history-based analytical method of Scharnhorst.[19]. While his position as a mentor to Clausewitz is of no small significance, Scharnhorst deserves recognition for his ideas, and they should be studied in their own right. A Genius For War: The German Army And General Staff, 18071945. Learn about how to make the most of a memorial. According to Clausewitz, Scharnhorst was one of the first to realize that most of the key technological and tactical changes were present before the French Revolution; it was the political upheaval that multiplied their destructive capacities. [7] He also began publishing journals, first Militair Bibliothek (1782-1784), then Bibliothek fr Officiere (1785), and finally the most famous, Neues Militrisches Journal (1797-1805), aiming at those interested in broadening their understanding of the military profession. Richard John Scharnhorst was born on month day 1895, at birth place, Illinois. The explosion tore a large gash in the side of the hull and allowed 1,220t (1,200 long tons; 1,340 short tons) of water into the ship, flooding 30 watertight spaces within five main watertight compartments. Flowers added to the memorial appear on the bottom of the memorial or here on the Flowers tab. Scharnhorst was appointed to helm the Institute in the Military Science for Young Infantry and Cavalry Officers in Berlin, perhaps better known as the Kriegsakademie. The wreck was positively identified by an ROV on 10 September, which located armament consistent with that of Scharnhorst. If you have questions, please contact [emailprotected]. These are necessary if we wish, in all cases that occur, thanks to resemblance in circumstances, to be able to judge to some degree the success of an enterprise and avoid the mistakes experience could discoverif we wish to consult all the special circumstances and among the numerous possibilities to choose the most beneficial ones. After several more torpedo hits, Scharnhorst settled further into the water and began to list to starboard. Heavy seas and the high speed with which the pair of battleships escaped caused them to ship large amounts of water forward. Without Gerhard von Scharnhorst, it is unlikely there would be a Carl von Clausewitz. The modifications were completed by November 1939, by which time the ship was finally fully operational. The Luftwaffe had been seriously weakened by four long years of war, and increasing Allied anti-submarine capabilities were steadily degrading the effectiveness of the U-boats. [16] Between 18 February and 20 February, she participated in Operation Nordmark, a brief sortie into the North Sea as far as the Shetland Islands. [51] The shock damaged the rotating parts of all of the ship's gun turrets, and three of the 15cm turrets were seriously jammed. Hannahwas born in February 1840, in Germany. Email addresses. In early 1942, after British bombing raids, the two ships made the Channel Dash up the English Channel from occupied France to Germany. Ltjens again forbade an attack, but he shadowed the convoy and directed U-boats to attack. General Gerhard von Scharnhorst: Mentor of Clausewitz and Father of the Prussian-German General Staff. Canadian Defense Forces Publication. Later on, the veteran soldiers were sent permanently home as reserves and called for annual training only, while the younger ones assumed regular service. Unlike his more famous student Clausewitz, he preferred composing short essays and often sought to publish them quickly as a way to engage in ongoing debates. Friedrich Scharnhorst (1809 - 1871) How do we create a person's profile? This 38,100 t ship was named after the Prussian general and army reformer Gerhard von Scharnhorst . Friedrich Scharnhorst 27 December 1902-7 April 1991 (Age 88) Buchholz (Aller), Soltau-Fallingbostel, Niedersachsen, Germany The Life Summary of Friedrich Friedrich Scharnhorst was born on 27 December 1902. Scharnhorst, however, did not live to see the fruits of his efforts. The next spring, Scharnhorst moved to Berlin. Edit a memorial you manage or suggest changes to the memorial manager. Learn more about managing a memorial . Just like Clausewitz later, Scharnhorst wished more than anything to assume command. [27][28] Acasta also hit Scharnhorst's forward superfiring turret with her 4.7" QF guns, which did negligible damage. Failed to delete memorial. [52], In early August 1942, Scharnhorst conducted exercises in cooperation with several U-boats. Shell splinters rained on Duke of York and disabled the fire-control radar. Please check your email and click on the link to activate your account. For the latter requires judgement, which is developed through repeated study of military incidents, and a great amount of past facts that we have to keep in mind. [56] The destroyers landed some 1,000 troops, which pushed the Norwegian garrison into the mountains, completing the mission without major loss. Yet Napoleons general staff remained an organization built around his personal needs, without continuity and authority of its own. He received a wound in the foot in the Battle of Grossgrschen on May 2, 1813, not serious enough to stop him from traveling on a diplomatic mission. The blast also damaged the fuel oil pumps and the bearings in the turbo-generators, which brought the ship to a halt. To use this feature, use a newer browser. cemeteries found in Concordia, Lafayette County, Missouri, USA will be saved to your photo volunteer list. After a day of steaming west, the ships turned south and rendezvoused with Admiral Hipper on 12 April. During operations off Norway, the two ships engaged the battlecruiser HMSRenown and sank the aircraft carrier HMSGlorious as well as her escort destroyers Acasta and Ardent. In early February, minesweepers swept a route through the English Channel undetected by the British. The Halifax heavy bombers of No. The cruisers and finding the convoy friedrich scharnhorst later that day to turret Caesar and caused some flooding ; shell caused. 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