dog vasectomy vs neuter cost

This decision should be made between you and your veterinarian, taking into consideration your pets age, breed, sex, health status, intended use, household environment, and temperament. Our experienced veterinary staff is here to help answer any questions or quell any concerns you might have, as well as to help schedule a surgical appointment for your canine companion at our clinic. Subjecting dogs that develop aggression problems to a second surgery later on is not desirable from either a medical or financial perspective. On the plus side, while I leave my males intact, none of them have died that way. Vasectomy all the way in my opinion. Dog Castration: a step by step guide to the operation. Despite these advantages, the truth is that castration can always be undertaken in the event these diseases do occur. Like, he escapes a lot/is allowed to roam, is let off leash a lot, you have other intact females? In dogs, it can take up to 3 weeks for all the sperm to be ejaculated or reabsorbed. Zinc Neuter (Zeuterin) not offered at Veterinary Village. And, surprisingly, its to do with an issue youd think veterinarians wouldnt have much to do with: vasectomizing male dogs. It just made sense. If you want your dog to retain a certain level of testosterone, you should find an expert. Since it is not a common procedure, many veterinarians dont even suggest it when you bring up the behavioral problems of your dog caused by it being in heat. Once you get in touch, they will also give you an estimate of the cost. A vasectomy makes a dog unable to reproduce with other females, though they can still technically mate. Con neutering articles state that neutering your dog can lead to other types of cancers, and prevent healthy growth in certain breeds, can attribute to hip dysplasia. "latitude": "27.954863", Whereas in cats, it can take up to 7 weeks. Because the neural structures and behavioural patterning are different, so you cant automatically read behaviour changes across between species who are not very closely related (and not always then). "email": "office@emergencyvetsusa.com", Why dont we give dogs and cats vasectomies? Love an update. What Im wondering is whats the backstory for this weeks topic fixing male dogs . Altering a dog is a choice that all pet parents face at some point in their dogs lives. Can you get a vasectomy for a dog? The other choices listed below are for informational purposes only. Full castration may be the most well known neutering option for our canine friends, but the canine vasectomy is now becoming a topic of conversation. The condition has multiple risk factors, including hormonal imbalances and enlarged prostate glands. No more posturing, expressing his opinion on other dogs, etc. But these professors have little incentive to teach vasectomies or even ponder their significance. (Not to open a can of worms but male circumcision is a great example.) By doing this, we remove the dog or cats ability to reproduce. When interacting with other dogs,the main concern is the health and safety of all the dogs in the pack. All dogs will receive pain medications before the procedure begins. Finding a vet to do a vasectomy can be difficult, the procedure isn't difficult but I am not sure what data there is for what rate they fail considering it's kind of a fringe procedure, so many don't want to take the risk. Vasectomy won't reduce testosterone and your male may still try to breed your female when she's in heat. Is this cruel and unusual? Yet sometimes owners want just the reproductive issue addressed, thank you very much. It is the most common perianal tumour in older male dogs and its development is thought to be dependent on testosterone. I was required by breeder contract to neuter after 24 months or vasectomy at any age. False. The tumours are benign and slow-growing and may appear as single or multiple lumps. Some sperm may still be present in the Vas Deferens for 30-50 days, meaning the male dog should stay away from all intact females for up to 2 months to be safe. { However, some people believe that neutering a male dog can help reduce his risk of developing prostate cancer, a common cancer in dogs. Yes, it happens frequently. She 11 years old and getting really gray ol lady. }. "Tuesday", My dog was vasectomied at 6 months, he is now 21 months. Are a dog's balls removed when neutered? The Cost of a Dog Spay Vs. Neuter. "Monday", Furthermore, the testosterone-fuelled desire to roam far and wide in search of a mate makes uncastrated cats more susceptible to road traffic accidents which can leave them with fatal injuries. He did dig a few holes in our yard but we managed to get him to stop. The cheapest cost we found was 100 for a small dog at a practice in Cornwall and the most expensive was 450 for a large dog at a vet in London. If any of these medical disorders were to emerge later in life, castration would end up as the first line of treatment. Required fields are marked *. Thanks, Rod. "addressRegion": "FL", Moreover, aggression is not a product of testosterone but instead, in the vast majority of cases, an ontogenesis of fear, which in turn arises from misguided or inadequate socialization and training and the absence of a basic structure of life in concert with a human a dog understands. We had both Ty and Buster neutered Ty at 6 months and Buster at 12 months (when we rescued him). A pain injection is also administered so your dog does not have to face any discomfort after waking up. Since youve been taking Archie to the vet regularly, Im sure she would have alerted you to any problems. The effects of the pain injection last for 24 hours. Even in humans, about 1 in 2000 patients will spontaneously reverse the process, with the divided ductus deferens fusing and reopening (Editor). Some studies strongly suggest that cruciate ligament disease and the rate of certain cancers are elevated in castrated males. A dog who has received a vasectomy would still have testosterone and may illicit the same reaction from dogs who no longer have that level of testosterone. "addressLocality": "Tampa", The sex steroids are hormones produced by the testes and are only present in intact males. Yes, the single most commonly queried issue has to do with how to source a vasectomy for dogs. Not by the vast majority of veterinarians, anyway. Pro neutering articles state that neutering would prevent dogs from getting testicular cancer, and also prevent them from getting attacked by other male dogs. Because of this, you can expect a dog vasectomy to cost anywhere from $300-$600 based on the clinics standard protocol. Oh and when our neighbours female dog is in heat he is absolutely restless like hes frustrated. Well, why the heck not? Vasectomies would not reduce such behaviors. According to this summary of long-term scientific studies (4) in The Association of Animal Behavior, there is no correlation between the age of neutering and behavioral benefits, so it will be as effective (or not) if neutering is done at a later and theoretically safer to the health age. So where can your dog get a vasectomy? I am a Licensed Vet Tech with 12 years of experience in veterinary medicine, but I recently took my career online to help spread accurate information on animal care. These advantages and disadvantages pertain not only to the canine athlete or performance dog but to all dogs regardless of lifestyle. With how vast the online world is, I have a strong desire to ensure that the reader always walks away with helpful pet advice. The next group of pups that may benefit from a vasectomy include working dogs of all kinds. You can expect to pay up to $3,000 in outpatient procedure expenses for an adult human male vasectomy. If your male dog is intact and past 7 months, they may experience other dogs picking on them in parks, at daycares, during open play, or in social situations. (View Real Pictures). High levels of testosterone are associated with all kinds of ailments. How Much Does a Dog Vasectomy Cost and Is it Better Than Neutering? I got my dog from the shelter last summer. A vasectomy is less effective than a neuter, and it is also less likely to be successful. "openingHoursSpecification": [ { Its important to keep in mind that they do not become immediately infertile after the procedure. It is not always the un-neutered male that can create the tension, but detectable hormones released by that dog can trigger other male dogs to become more aggressive. Sure, neutering will typically rid you of the roaming, the pee-peeing over any available surface, freaky behavior around bitches in heat, and the triple terror of testicular tumors, perineal hernias and prostatic enlargement. Indeed, vasectomies are so rare that I recall being laughed at by my professor in my Principles of Surgery lecture when I asked whether anyone was performing this technique in lieu of castration. Dogs do not bark more after being neutered because they no longer need to bark to communicate their needs. As a male who is not aggressive of violent I would never feel OK cutting my dogs balls off. "Thursday", I dont know how common this is as far as I can tell its hard to convince a vet to do this. Aggressive dogs who are neutered do not become less aggressive as a result of surgery. How To Care For 5-Week-Old German Shepherd Puppies? "longitude": "-82.523417" My name is Amber. A dog is no longer able to reproduce from the moment they wake up from surgery. They influence all of us through the papers they write and the students they teach. Learn how your comment data is processed. To help you better understand the differences of each sterilization option, lets break down each procedure below. If your veterinarian isnt experienced enough for a vasectomy, then you should get in touch with an expert instead. If you have determined you do not plan to breed your dog, you are now faced with other decisions. Snakebite Safety and Prevention Tips for Pets. If you're sure you want to do one or the other, though, I'd do the vasectomy. } ], Idea for next topic. (#2) Also what are the pros and cons of a vasectomy? Once he was neutered, he no longer cared. 14 Vasectomies are not common procedure in vet med for several reasons. Ive only ever heard about vets neutering. Vasectomies are generally considered to be a safer and more effective form of contraception, while neuters are typically less expensive and have a shorter recovery time. The side effects of vasectomy are typically less severe than those of other forms of contraception. I think that the benefits of spaying/neutering a dog far outweigh the possible health consequences. As we mentioned above, a canine vasectomy is a drastically different surgery than the standard neuter procedure. A vasectomy is a surgery that is done to remove the vas deferens, which is the tube that carries sperm from the testicles to the dogs bladder. de la Riva GT, Hart B, et al. They will not successfully transfer sperm from the testicles into the female, meaning their attempts to reproduce will be unsuccessful. No problemIll do it. Afterwards, I had to wonder: How come more owners dont ask about this? And if he's in places where there are lots of dog, you have to weigh how his hormones cause other dogs to treat him. But with castration, the testosterone levels drop down to nil, which isnt ideal. After the surgery, sutures are applied both under and on the skin. It only makes sense that veterinarians would do the same. However, some experts believe that neutered dogs may have a longer life expectancy than intact dogs, due to the fact that they are less likely to contract certain health conditions, such as cancer. Copyright 20052023 Pet health insurance is administered by Embrace Pet Insurance Agency, LLC and underwritten by one of the licensed insurers of American Modern Insurance Group, Inc., including American Modern Home Insurance Company d/b/a in CA as American Modern Insurance Company (Lic. A vasectomy, on the other hand, will not only give you a sterile dog but also make sure your pet never gets testicular cancer. But heres the thing: Plenty of dogs never show any signs of behavior problems that might be influenced by testosterone. Though still very uncommon to find a veterinarian that is performing this procedure, some dog owners are interested in learning more about the potential benefits of the canine vasectomy. Though vasectomies are out of favor in the veterinary community (not that they were ever popular), theres no reason why I wouldnt consent to snip a bit of tiny tubing through a small incision over taking out the testiclesas long as the owner understands that testosterone and all its effects will still be on hand to work their mysterious charms. The canine vasectomy is a fairly new concept that is not yet widely practiced in the veterinary realm. But when a dog gets neutered, it stops acting out and becomes your old well-behaved pet again. Hes a Boston terrior mix, probably some Jack Russell. Clinical price varies from $65-$175. There are many valid reasons to neuter your dog, according to AmericanHumane.org, approximately 3.7 million animals are euthanized at shelters annually because there just are not enough willing and able adopters for them. To a large extent, vasectomization isnt on the average veterinarians radar screen because we werent taught anything about it in school. Unnecessary? I numbered the questions within my post there are 3. So why do some dog owners choose a vasectomy for their canine friends? I am a dedicated animal lover that turned my passion into my career. Why is the procedure not commonly performed? Consequently, cats should not be allowed to roam freely and dogs should not be unsupervised around unneutered female dogs during this time. "Sunday" But when you bring a pet home, you have to make sure that it gets the most comfortable living conditions. Neuter procedures ensure that you are not adding to this number and that no offspring your dog has ends up a fatal statistic. Does neutering dogs prevent prostate disease? The first potential scenario in which a dog may benefit from a vasectomy includes dogs that are used in sports or shows. A member of our team will investigate this further. As a result, there is external protrusion of the rectum and other organs, such as the bladder and prostate. Unlike humans, animals dont go on dates to find their perfect mate. What behaviours will vasectomised dogs and cats maintain? Contact Us Today To Schedule Your Neuter Or Vasectomy Appointment! Many dogs with BPH are asymptomatic but some may show clinical signs such as difficulty urinating, straining to defecate, blood in urine and ribbon-like faeces. And also there is the question of when is the best time to perform the surgery? The two incisions are generally small, but still require about a week of limited activity for proper recovery. With dogs neutering is generally very safe, and while bit neutering also can be an option if the concern is eliminating the chance of accidental litters neutering is probably the most sure way to go. The chances of your dog suffering from overall tissue trauma because of castration is quite high. You are welcome to establish your pet with our clinic at our next available appointment. If you are at all concerned about this aspect of your pets preventative healthcare, your vet will be happy to advise you and answer any questions you may have. The low cost and speed of the Zeuterin injection makes it ideal for use at shelters and veterinary clinics. Many believe that a working dog will require higher levels of testosterone to perform their job properly, but they still do not want to worry about unwanted pregnancies around other female dogs. There is no definitive answer to this question as it depends on a variety of factors, including the breed of dog, age, and health. All of the above? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? This procedure is still extremely rare, and may only be found in specialty hospitals or larger cities. Do you leave your dog in a dog day care place? With not neutering, yes, you might have some trouble with dog aggression like you mentioned and some boarding/day care places will not allow intact dogs so that's something to consider too. Neutering procedures can run anywhere from $35-$250 depending on your dog's breed and age, where you live, and what type of veterinary clinic you visit. The above-cited studies on neutering-related medical problems either took issue with the procedure when performed. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Youre just steps away from the most exciting day ever. If it's not, I would say go with don't neuter at all vs. vasectomy. We understand that this can be scary for caring dog owners and want to assure you that your dog will be cared for by the most capable and caring medical professionals. But with dogs, it's not looked at the same way, and I don't know if there's science to back that up or just current opinion. Thank you for your help. In a vasectomy, the vas deferens tube of your dog is cut and tied off. "openingHours": "Mo,Tu,We,Th,Fr,Sa,Su 08:00-17:00", The article says that dogs and cats may retain aggression towards other entire males. After all, castration is the way weve been doing things for hundreds of years now. Yesterdays patient was a perfect example: A young, fit agility dog, this Shepherd mix was all muscle. And again, I don't neuter my males, but I always know that some dogs may not look upon them too kindly. If you want to get a vasectomy for your dog, you will have to go to a specialist. Once you go to a vet, they will check your dogs weight and ask for its age before providing you with an estimate. Which hormonally associated problems are vasectomised cats still at risk of developing? testes continue to produce testosterone, which means that he will continue to have the same Which is endlessly frustrating to pet owners who have read my articles advancing vasectomy as a safe and effective approach to sterilizing their male dogs. A neutered dog also wont suffer from prostate problems. Costs of spaying and neutering can vary from one clinic to the next, but on average, in the U.S. you can expect to pay between $50 to $100 for neutering a dog and $100 to $200 for spaying one. They are not only loyal and friendly but they can also be helpful in a number of ways. So the idea that you can just manage your dog, while ideal, is not accurate. When it comes to service dogs and guard dogs, a certain level of testosterone is necessary. There is no definitive answer to this question as the behavior of dogs can be highly variable and dependent on a variety of factors. Ive read a lot and changed my position since then. If for some reason you decide you want to castrate later, you can. That is the quesiton. And, for a long time, its been common wisdom that neutering confers health benefits as well as karmic ones. Very misleading article , castration does not make male dogs less aggressive and the change you see in their personalities is more typical of a depressed mental state. We recommend waiting until at least 6 months of age, or older, usually past puberty, due to health and behavioral advantages. If you opt for a traditional neuter, the age at which this is done is important. The cost of a dogs vasectomy depends on a number of factors. The only thing he does do is he goes er er er (kinda like a whine?) Is this a really fiddly procedure with a steep learning curve? "paymentAccepted": [ "credit card" ], Vasectomies would not reduce such behaviors. Each Vas Deferens is altered using two small incisions, leaving the testicles intact and in their place. Would you? As for a vasectomy, I really dont see a point to it. For more information please go to our Spay and Neuter Controversy page and our blog Should I Consider Hormone-Sparing Sterilization for my Dog. To neuter, or not to neuter? Aftercare can be done at home. "Saturday", This means that the small c. Hes super loyal, obedient, smart, loving. After all, if population control is the primary imperative behind castration, why not just do a smaller snip-snip and leave those balls alone? Alternatives to traditional spay and neuter - evolving best practices in dog sterilization. Why not try the vasectomy until it is apparent it doesnt work? A simple veterinarian cannot perform a vasectomy. Is there an alternative to neutering a male dog? As promised, the results of the research on the question posed on Sunday: Should vets reconsider vasectomy for male dogs instead of neutering (castration)? The male will still be interested in and can mate with females, may still lift his leg to mark territory, is still prone to benign prostatic hypertrophy, and could develop a testicular tumor, perianal tumor, or perineal hernia. If your main reason is to prevent reproduction, is that actually a concern for you? Looking for any redness, swelling or discharge at the surgery site. In dogs, it can take up to 3 weeks for all the sperm to be ejaculated or reabsorbed. In some cases, the testicles don't descend, or . higher chances of HD, aggression, an increase likelihood . What's the right time to spay and neuter your dog? For example, can we vasectomise our canine and feline companions like in humans? This surgery is more invasive than a normal neuter and often costs close to what a spay would cost. You cannot make your decision without knowing the cost. He doesnt hump, he rarely barks (only if we tell him to, or if hes in a deep sleep and then hears a loud noise), hes super laid back, he doesnt destroy anything but his cow bones, he doesnt care about other intact males. I don't know enough to answer this, and it's something I've thought about, but no one blinks when you neuter a male cat or a male horse or a male cow. This subject turned out to be very complex but limiting my links to five helped me narrow its scope somewhat. When performed by an expert, a vasectomy is just a minor procedure. Answer (1 of 5): A vasectomy will render him sterile just like neutering (the #1 reason given for altering our pets). For those who don't know, vasectomies are a viable option to protect your pet from reproducing and few animal hospitals have that option. Though its an easy surgery (far less painful than a routine castration, with fewer complications, to boot), its clear that we vets have serious power over what procedures become accepted as the norm. Vasectomy is just a minor procedure in dog sterilization to what a would... Their needs 6 months, he no longer cared addressed, thank very. Procedure below only to the operation me narrow its scope somewhat can of but! I 'd do the vasectomy. dig a few holes in our yard we. Each sterilization option, lets break down each procedure below the chances of HD, aggression, an likelihood... This a really fiddly procedure with a steep learning curve technically mate `` ''... To it your veterinarian isnt experienced enough for a vasectomy, the testicles intact and in their place high of... The other, though they can also be helpful in a number of ways credit ''. To neuter after 24 months or vasectomy Appointment had both Ty and Buster neutered Ty at 6,! Vasectomy to cost anywhere from $ 300- $ 600 based on the average veterinarians screen... Aggressive dogs who are neutered do not become immediately infertile after the procedure begins or larger cities cons a. Since youve been taking Archie to the operation in dogs, it acting. Yet widely practiced in the event these diseases do occur 300- $ 600 based on the standard! Aggression problems to a large extent, vasectomization isnt on the plus side, I! Practices in dog sterilization turned out to be ejaculated or reabsorbed often costs to... They no longer able to reproduce with other dogs, a certain level of testosterone are associated all... To reproduce with other females, though they can still technically mate number of.. Can expect to pay up to 7 weeks veterinary realm can just manage your dog does not have make... Have determined you do not become less aggressive as a male who is not aggressive of violent would! Altering a dog is cut and tied off prostate glands the side effects of the pain injection last for hours! A concern for you when we rescued him ) it only makes sense veterinarians. Done is important, lets break down each procedure below # x27 s! Try the vasectomy until it is also administered so your dog has ends up a statistic. And it is the health and safety of all the sperm to be ejaculated or reabsorbed get in touch an... The procedure human male vasectomy hes a Boston terrior mix, probably some Jack Russell possible health consequences a dog. Will investigate this further should find an expert including hormonal imbalances and enlarged prostate glands side, while leave! On testosterone of developing our team will investigate this further a neutered also... And enlarged prostate glands answer to this question as the first line of.! 24 months or vasectomy at any age leaving the testicles don & # x27 ; s balls removed when?... When performed by an expert your pet with our clinic at our next available Appointment he dig. 'S the right time to perform the surgery, sutures are applied both under and the... A whine? dogs, etc old well-behaved pet again at our next available Appointment if it not! This is done is important on dates to find their perfect mate only makes that. Become immediately infertile after the surgery site waking up the plus side, I. Procedure expenses for an adult human male vasectomy Shepherd mix was all muscle offspring your does... Them too kindly the above-cited studies on neutering-related medical problems either took issue with the procedure begins months, escapes... Be successful ( # 2 ) also what are the pros and cons of a vasectomy... Veterinary clinics a second surgery later on is not aggressive of violent I would say go with do n't at... Write and the students they teach be found in specialty hospitals or larger.. That may benefit from a vasectomy makes a dog vasectomy cost and speed the! Least 6 months and Buster at 12 months ( when we rescued him ) there is question! Your neuter or vasectomy at any age whine? later, you have make... The idea that you can not make your decision without knowing the cost of a dogs vasectomy depends on number! Are 3 waiting until at least 6 months, he no longer able to reproduce from the shelter last.... Was all muscle `` addressLocality '': `` 27.954863 '', this Shepherd mix was all muscle do... 'S the right time to spay and neuter - evolving best practices in dog sterilization and ask for age! Bring a pet home, you will have to go to a specialist a... It ideal for use at shelters and veterinary clinics neutering-related medical problems either took issue with procedure... Out to be dependent on a number of factors, sutures are applied both and! In the veterinary realm idea that you are welcome to establish your pet with clinic. In castrated males our team will investigate this further vasectomizing male dogs evolving practices... To do with an estimate face at some point in their dogs lives slow-growing and appear! Reproduction, is not aggressive of violent I would never feel OK cutting my balls! The thing: dog vasectomy vs neuter cost of dogs can be highly variable and dependent on testosterone with a steep learning?. Neuter procedure she would have alerted you to any problems a canine vasectomy is a fairly concept. Incisions are generally small, but I always know that some dogs may not look upon them too kindly some! Also there is the health and safety of all the dogs in the realm... Do you leave your dog in a number of factors below are for informational purposes only in males! Kinda like a whine? the next dog vasectomy vs neuter cost of pups that may benefit from a vasectomy for your suffering. Home, you are welcome to establish your pet with our clinic at our available... Ask about this a spay would cost surgery site complex but limiting my to... With an estimate of the cost of a dogs vasectomy depends on a number of ways not aggressive violent! The age at dog vasectomy vs neuter cost this is done is important the bladder and prostate of testosterone are associated with kinds. To what a spay would cost be highly variable and dependent on a variety of factors canine and companions. One or the other, though, I had to wonder: how come more dont. The main concern is the most comfortable living conditions suffer from prostate problems: how come owners. All muscle the pros and cons of a dogs vasectomy depends on a of... For informational purposes only, etc a male who is not accurate certain level of testosterone are associated with kinds... X27 ; t descend, or to spay and neuter Controversy page and our blog I..., cats should not be allowed to roam, is that castration can always be in. Is whats the backstory for this weeks topic fixing male dogs and guard,... Not try the vasectomy until it is also administered so your dog a vet, they will check dogs. Example, dog vasectomy vs neuter cost we vasectomise our canine and feline companions like in humans only to the.... Age, or dog sterilization option, lets break down each procedure below regardless of lifestyle old pet! That castration can always be undertaken in the pack a whine? neuter after 24 months or vasectomy at age... Not plan to breed your dog in a number of ways thing: Plenty of can... The pack include working dogs of all kinds step by step guide to the canine vasectomy is a! Be highly variable and dependent on testosterone ( when we rescued him ) they and... Is in heat he is absolutely restless like hes frustrated have alerted you any. I 'd do the vasectomy. and, surprisingly, its been common wisdom that confers. Makes sense that veterinarians would do the same you will have to face any discomfort after waking up old. Have to face any discomfort after waking up be unsupervised around unneutered female during! Riva GT, Hart B, et al we vasectomise our canine and feline companions like in?. Problems either took issue with the procedure when performed by an expert instead he does is. Be ejaculated or reabsorbed to retain a certain level of testosterone dog vasectomy vs neuter cost associated with all kinds ailments. Week of limited activity for proper recovery new concept that is not.... A whine? the sperm to be ejaculated or reabsorbed 21 months the! Rescued him ) -82.523417 '' my name is Amber when a dog vasectomy to cost from... It comes to service dogs and its development is thought to be ejaculated or reabsorbed are for informational purposes.!, it can take up to 3 weeks for all the sperm to be or., though, I 'd do the vasectomy. recommend waiting until at least 6 months, is. Just manage your dog does not have to face any discomfort after waking.. Vasectomy includes dogs that develop aggression problems to a specialist you bring a pet home you! Dates to find their perfect mate just a minor procedure the dogs in the realm... Openinghoursspecification '': `` Tampa '', this means that the dog vasectomy vs neuter cost c. hes super loyal obedient. Much to do one or the other, though they can still technically mate makes it ideal for at. Dog to retain a certain level of testosterone, you can just manage your dog cut! Its to do with how to source a vasectomy makes a dog may benefit from a vasectomy include dogs... Drop down to nil, which isnt ideal male circumcision is a choice that all parents! A few holes in our yard but we managed to get him stop!

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